Regional carbon dioxide fluxes from mixing ratio data

References

• Bakwin, P. S., Tans, P. R, Hurst, D. F. and Zhao, C. 1998a. Measurements of carbon dioxide on very tall towers: results of the NOAA/CMDL program. Tellus 50B, 401–415.
   Google Scholar
• Bakwin, P. S., Tans, P. P. White, J. W. C. and Andres, R. J. 1998b. Determination of the isotopic (13012c) discrimination by terrestrial biology from a global network of observations. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12, 555–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakwin, P. S., Zhao, C., Ussler, W. DI, Tans, P. P. and Quesnell, E. 1995. Measurements of carbon dioxide on a very tall tower. Tellus 47B, 535–549.
   Google Scholar
• Baldocchi, D., Falge, E., Gu, L., Olson, R., Hollinger, D. et al. 2001. FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor and energy flux densities. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 82, 2415–2434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barford, C. C., Wofsy, S. C., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Pyle, E. H. et al. 2001. Factors controlling long- and short-term sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in a mid-latitude forest. Science 294, 1688–1691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr, A. G. and Betts, A. K. 1997. Radiosonde boundary layer budgets above a boreal forest. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 29 205-29 212.
   Google Scholar
• Battle, M., Bender, M., Tans, P. P., White, J. W. C., Ellis, J. T. et al. 2000. Global carbon sinks and their variability, inferred from atmospheric 02 and 313C. Science 287, 2467–2470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousquet, R, Peylin, R, Ciais, R, Le Quere, C., Friedlingstein, P. et al. 2000. Regional changes in carbon dioxide fluxes of land and oceans since 1980. Science 290, 1342–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, W. W., Wofsy, S. C., Harriss, R. C., Lin, J. C., Gerbig, C. et al. 2002. Net fluxes of CO2 in Amazonia derived from aircraft observations. J. Geophys. Res. 107(D22), 4614, 10.1029/2001JDO01295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciais, R, Tans, P. P. and Trolier, M. 1995. A large northern-hemisphere terrestrial CO2 sink indicated by the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2. Science 269, 1098–1102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway, T. J., Steele, L. P. and Novelli, P. C. 1993. Correlations among atmospheric CO2, CH4 and CO in the Arctic, March 1989. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 2881–2894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway, T. J., Tans, P. P., Waterman, L. S., Thoning, K. W., Kitzis, D. R. et al. 1994. Evidence for interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory global air sampling network. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 22 831-22 856.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, K. J., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., Berger, B. W., Zhao, C. et al. 2003. The annual cycles of CO2 and H20 exchange over a northern mixed forest as observed from a very tall tower. Global Change Biol. 9, 1278–1293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, K. J., Yi, C., Berger, B. W., Kubesh, R. J. and Bakwin, P. S. 2000. Scalar budgets in the continental boundary layer. In: Proceed-ings of the 14th Symposium on Boundary Layer and Turbulence, 7-11 August, American Meteorological Society, Aspen, CO, 100–103
   Google Scholar
• Fan, S.-M., Gloor, M., Mahlman, J., Pacala, S., Sarmiento, J. L. et al. 1998. A large terrestrial carbon sink in North America implied by atmospheric and oceanic CO2 data and models. Science 282, 442–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbig, C., Lin, J. C., Wofsy, S. C., Daube, B. C., Andrews, A. E. et al. 2003. Toward constraining regional-scale fluxes of CO2 with atmo-spheric observations over a continent: 2. Analysis of COBRA data using a receptor-oriented framework. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4757, 10.1029/2003JD003770.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GLOBALVIEW 1999. Cooperative Atmospheric Data Integration Project-Carbon Dioxide, CD-ROM. NOAA/CMDL, Boulder, CO. (Also available on the Internet via anonymous FTP to ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov, Path: ccg/CO2/GLOBALVIEW).
   Google Scholar
• Gloor, M., Bakwin, P., Tans, P., Hurst, D., Lock, L. et al. 2001. What is the concentration footprint of a tall tower? J. Geophys. Res. 106, 17 831-17 840.
   Google Scholar
• Gloor, M., Fan, S., Sarmiento, J. and Pacala, S. 2000. Optimal sampling of the atmosphere for purpose of inverse modeling: a model study. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 14,407–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Fan, S.-M., Daube, B. C. and Wofsy, S. C. 1996a. Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy co-variance: methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy. Global Change Biol. 2, 169–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Fan, S.-M., Daube, B. C. and Wofsy, S. C. 1996b. Exchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest: response to interannual climate variability. Science 271, 1576–1578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulden, M. L., Wofsy, S. C., Harden, J. W., Trumbore, S. E., Crill, P. M. et al. 1998. Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw. Science 279, 214–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S., Rayner, P. J., Baker, D. et al. 2002. Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models. Nature 415, 626–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haszpra, L. 1999a. Measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide at a low elevation rural site in Central Europe. Idö jcircis 103, 93–105.
   Google Scholar
• Haszpra, L. 1999b. On the representativeness of carbon dioxide measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 26953-26 960.
   Google Scholar
• Haszpra, L., Barcza, Z., Bakwin, P. S., Berger, B. W., Davis, K. J. et al. 2001. Measuring system for the long-term monitoring of bio-sphere/atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 3057–3069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helliker, B., Berry, J., Betts, A., Davis, K. and Bakwin, P. 2003. Es-timates of ABL-scale net carbon dioxide flux in Central Wisconsin. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Un. 84 (46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B42B-01.
   Google Scholar
• Houghton, R. A. 1999. The annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use 1850-1990. Tellus 51B, 298–313.
   Google Scholar
• Hurwitz, M. D., Ricciuto, D. M., Davis, K. J., Wang, W., Yi, C. et al. 2004. Advection of carbon dioxide in the presence of storm systems over a northern Wisconsin forest. J. Atmos. Sci. 61, 607–618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D. et al. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Mete-orol. Soc. 77, 437–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeling, R. F., Piper, S. C. and Heimann, M. 1996. Global and hemi-spheric CO2 sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric 02 concen-tration. Nature 381, 218–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leith, H. 1963. The role of vegetation in the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 68, 3887–3898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, I., Graul, R. and Trivett, N. B. A. 1995. Long-term observations of atmospheric CO2 and carbon isotopes at continental sites in Germany. Tellus 47B, 23–34.
   Google Scholar
• Litvak, M., Miller, S., Wofsy, S. C. and Goulden, M. 2003. Effect of stand age on whole ecosystem CO2 exchange in the Canadian boreal forest. J. Geophys. Res. 108 10.1029/2001JD000854, 29 January 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Mackay, D. S., Ahl, D. E., Ewers, B. E., Gower, S. T., Burrows, S. N. et al. 2002. Effects of aggregated classifications of forest composition on estimates of evapotranspiration in a northern Wisconsin forest. Global Change Biol. 8, 1253–1266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marland, G., Boden, T. A. and Andres, R. J. 2002. Global, regional and national fossil fuel CO2 emissions. In: Trends: a Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN.
   Google Scholar
• Moody, J. L., Munger, J. W., Goldstein, A. H., Jacob, D. J. and Wofsy, S. C. 1998. Harvard Forest regional-scale air mass composition by Patterns in Atmospheric Transport History (PATH). J. Geophys. Res. 103, 13 181-13 194.
   Google Scholar
• Myneni, R. B., Keeling, C. D., Tucker, C. J., Asrar, G. and Nemani, R. R. 1997. Increased plant growth in northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature 386, 145–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacala, S. W., Hurtt, G. C., Baker, D., Peylin, P., Houghton, R. A. et al. 2001. Consistent land- and atmosphere-based U.S. carbon sink esti-mates. Science 292, 2316–2320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potosnak, M. J., Wofsy, S. C., Denning, A. S., Conway, T. J., Munger, J. W. et al. 1999. Influence of biotic exchange and combustion sources on atmospheric CO2 concentrations in New England from observations on a forest flux tower. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 9561–9569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randerson, J. T., Field, C. B., Fung, I. Y. and Tans, P. P. 1999. Increases in early season ecosystem uptake explain recent changes in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26,493–496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, P. J., Enting, I. G., Francey, R. J. and Langenfields, R. 1999. Reconstructing the recent carbon cycle from atmospheric CO2, 31-3C and 02/N2 observations. Tellus 51B, 213–232.
   Google Scholar
• Rayner, P. J., Enting, I. G. and Trudinger, C. M. 1996. Optimizing the CO2 observing network for constraining sources and sinks. Tellus 48B, 433–444.
   Google Scholar
• Running, S. W., Gower, S. T., Bakwin, P. S., Hibbard, K. A., Baldocchi, D. D. et al. 1999. A global terrestrial monitoring network integrating tower fluxes, flask sampling, ecosystem modeling and EOS satellite data. Remote Sensing Environ. 70, 108–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stull, R. B. 1988. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
   Google Scholar
• Tans, P. P., Bakwin, P. S. and Guenther, D. W. 1996. A feasible global carbon cycle observing system: a plan to decipher today's carbon cycle based on observations. Global Change Biol. 2, 309–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tans, P. P., Fung, I. Y. and Takahashi, T. 1990. Observational con-straints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget. Science 247, 1431–1438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoning, K. W., Tans, P. P. and Komhyr, W. D. 1989. Atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory, 2, Analysis of the NOAA GMCC data, 1974-1985. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 8549–8565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentini, R., Matteucci, G., Dolman, A. J., Schulze, E.-D., Rebmann, C. et al. 2000. Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests. Nature 404, 861–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wofsy, S. C., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Fan, S.-M., Bakwin, P. S. et al. 1993. Net exchange of CO2 in a mid-latitude forest. Science 260, 1314–1317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wofsy, S. C. and Harriss, R. C. 2002. The North American Carbon Program (NACP). Report to the Interagency Working Group of the US Global Change Research Program. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA. http:/lwww.esig.ucaredu/nacp/
   Google Scholar
• Worthy, D. E. J., Levin, I., Trivett, N. B. A., Kuhlmann, A. J., Hopper, J. F. et al. 1998. Seven years of continuous methane observations at a remote boreal site in Ontario, Canada. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 15995-16 007.
   Google Scholar
• Yi, C., Davis, K. J., Bakwin, P. S. and Berger, B. W. 2001. Long-term observations of the evolution of the planetary boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 58, 1288–1299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, C. L., Tans, P. P. and Thoning, K. W. 1997. A high precision manometric system for absolute calibrations of CO2 in dry air. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 5885–5894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar