263
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Measurement of changes in atmospheric Ar/N2 ratio using a rapid-switching, single-capillary mass spectrometer system

, , , , &
Pages 322-338 | Received 08 May 2003, Accepted 13 Apr 2004, Published online: 18 Jan 2017

References

  • Baggeroer, A. B., Birdsall, T. G., Clark, C., Colosi, J. A., Cornuelle, B. D. et al. 1998. Ocean climate change: comparison of acoustic tomography, satellite altimetry, and modeling. Science 281 (5381), 1327–1332.
  • Battle, M., Bender, M., Hendricks, M. B., Ho, D. T., Mika, R. et al. 2003. Measurements and models of the atmospheric Ar/N2 ratio. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 (15), 1786, 10.1029/2003GL017411.
  • Bender, M. L., Tans, P. P., Ellis, J. T., Orchardo, J. and Habfast, K. 1994. A high-precision isotope ratio mass-spectrometry method for measuring the 02/N2 ratio of air. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 (21), 4751–4758.
  • Cabanes, C., Cazenave, A. and Le Provost, C. 2001. Sea level rise dur-ing past 40 years determined from satellite and in situ observations. Science 294 (5543), 840–842.
  • Craig, H., Weiss, R. F. and Clarke, W. B. 1967. Dissolved gases in the Equatorial and South Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6165–6181.
  • Craig, H. and Wiens, R. C. 1996. Gravitational enrichment of Kr-84/Ar-36 ratios in polar ice caps: a measure of firn thickness and accumulation temperature. Science 271 (5256), 1708–1710.
  • da Silva, A. M., Young, C. and Levitus, S. 1994. Atlas of Surface Ma-rine Data 1994 Volume I: Algorithms and Procedures, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
  • Garcia, H. E. and Keeling, R. F. 2001. On the global oxygen anomaly and air-sea flux. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 106(NC12), 31 155-31 166.
  • Gibson, J. K., Milberg, P., Uppala, S., Hernandez, A., Nomura, A. et al. 1997. ERA Description. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading.
  • Gille, S. T. 2002. Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s. Science 295 (5558), 1275–1277.
  • Glueckauf, E. 1951. The composition of atmospheric air. In: Com-pendium of Meteorology (ed. T. Malone). American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp. 3–10
  • Grew, K. E. and Ibbs, T. L. 1952. TheDiffusion in Gases. CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge.
  • Hamme, R. C. and Emerson, S. R. 2002. Mechanisms controlling the global oceanic distribution of the inert gases argon, nitrogen and neon. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (23), 2120, 10.1029/2002GL015273.
  • Heimann, M. 1995. The Global Atmospheric Tracer Model TM2. Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum, Hamburg.
  • Kahl, J. D., Serreze, M. C. and Schnell, R. C. 1992. Tropospheric low-level temperature inversions in the Canadian Arctic. Atmos. Ocean 30 (4), 511–529.
  • Keeling, R. F., Manning, A. C., McEvoy, E. M. and Shertz, S. R. 1998. Methods for measuring changes in atmospheric 02 concentration and their application in southern hemisphere air. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 103(D3), 3381–3397.
  • Keeling, R. F., Najjar, R. P., Bender, M. L. and Tans, P. P. 1993. What atmospheric oxygen measurements can tell us about the global carbon cycle. Global Biogeochem. 7 (1), 37–67.
  • Leuenberger, M., Nyfeler, R, Moret, H. P., Sturm, P. and Huber, C. 2000. A new gas inlet system for an isotope ratio mass spectrometer improves reproducibility. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14 (16), 1543–1551.
  • Levitus, S., Antonov, J. I., Boyer, T. P. and Stephens, C. 2000. Warming of the world ocean. Science 287 (5461), 2225–2229.
  • Levitus, S., Antonov, J. I., Wang, J. L., Delworth, T. L., Dixon, K. W. et al. 2001. Anthropogenic warming of Earth's climate system. Science 292 (5515), 267–270.
  • Manning, A. C. 2001. Temporal variability of atmospheric oxygen from both continuous measurements and a flask sampling network: tools for studying the global carbon cycle. PhD Thesis, University of California, San Diego.
  • Munk, W. and Wunsch, C. 1979. Ocean acoustic tomography—scheme for large-scale monitoring. Deep-Sea Res. A—Oceanogr. Res. Papers 26 (2), 123–161.
  • Neff, W. D. 1999. Decadal time scale trends and variability in the tro-pospheric circulation over the South Pole. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 104(D22), 27 217-27 251.
  • Ozima, M. and Podosek, F. A. 1983. Noble Gas Geochemistry. Cam-bridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Peixoto, J. P. and Oort, A. H. 1992. Physics of Climate. American Institute of Physics, New York.
  • Reid, R. C., Prausnitz, J. M. and Poling, B. E. 1987. The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Samuels, B. L. and Cox, M. 1987. Date set atlas for oceanographic modeling. Ocean Modeling 75, 1–3.
  • Schudlich, R. and Emerson, S. 1996. Gas supersaturation in the surface ocean: the roles of heat flux, gas exchange, and bubbles. Deep-Sea Res. 11—Topical Stud. Oceanogr 43(2-3), 569–589.
  • Severinghaus, J. P., Grachev, A. and Battle, M. 2001. Thermal fraction-ation of air in polar firn by seasonal temperature gradients. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2, paper no 2000GC000146.
  • Shea, D. J., Trenberth, K. E. and Reynolds, R. W. 1992. A global monthly sea surface temperature climatology. J. Climate 5, 987–1001.
  • Spitzer, W. S. and Jenkins, W. J. 1989. Rates of vertical mixing, gas exchange, and new production: estimates from seasonal gas cycles in the upper ocean near Bermuda. J. Marine Res. 47, 169–196.
  • Stephens, B. B., Keeling, R. E, Heimann, M., Six, K. D., Murnane, R. et al. 1998. Testing global ocean carbon cycle models using measure-ments of atmospheric 02 and CO2 concentration. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12 (2), 213–230.
  • Stute, M., Forster, M., Frischkorn, H., Serejo, A., Clark, J. F. et al. 1995. Cooling of tropical Brazil (5 degrees C) during the last glacial maximum. Science 269 (5222), 379–383.
  • Tans, P. R, Conway, T. J. and Nalcazawa, T. 1989. Latitudinal distribution of the source and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide derived from surface observations and an atmospheric transport model. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 5151–5173.
  • Trenberth, K. E. 1981. Seasonal variations in global sea level pressure and the total mass of the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 86(C6), 5238–5246.
  • Trengove, R. D. and Dunlop, P. J. 1982. Diffusion coefficients and ther-mal diffusion factors for five binary systems of nitrogen and a noble gas. Physica 115A, 339–352.
  • Weiss, R. F. 1970. Solubility of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon in water and seawater. Deep-Sea Res. 17, 721–735.