Increase of carbon cycle feedback with climate sensitivity: results from a coupled climate and carbon cycle model

References

• Ball, J. T., Woodraw, I. E. and Berry, J. A. 1986. A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution to the control of photo-synthesis under different environmental conditions. In: Progress in Photosynthesis Research Volume 4 (ed. J. Biggins). Martinus Nijhoff, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands, 221–224
   Google Scholar
• Braswell, B. H., Schimel, D. S., Linder, E. and Moore, B. 1997. The response of global terrestrial ecosystems to interannual temperature variability. Science 278, 870–872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, M. and Woodward, E I. 1998. Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change. Nature 393, 249–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collatz, G. J., Ball, J. T., Grivet, C. and Berry, J. A. 1991. Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration: a model that includes a laminar boundary layer. Agr Forest MeteoroL 53, 107–136.
   Google Scholar
• Collatz, G. J., Ribas-Carbo, M. and Berry, J. A. 1992. Coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants. Aust. J. Plant PhysioL 19, 519–538.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Spa11, S. A. and Totterdell, I. J. 2000. Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled model. Nature 408, 184–187.
   Google Scholar
• Cramer, W., Bondeau, A., Woodward, F. I., Prentice, I. C., Betts, R. A. and co-authors. 2001. Global response of terrestrial ecosystem and function to CO2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models. Global Change Biol. 7, 357–373.
   Google Scholar
• Dukowicz, J. K. and Smith, R. D. 1994. Implicit free-surface method for the Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean model. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 7991–8014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farquhar, G. D., von Caemmerer, S. and Berry, J. A. 1980. A biogeo-chemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 plants. Planta 149, 78–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley, J. A., Prentice, I. C., Ramankutty, N., Levis, S., Pollard, D. and co-authors. 1996. An integrated biosphere model of land surface processes, terrestrial carbon balance and vegetation dynamics. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 603–628.
   Google Scholar
• Friedlingstein, P., Bopp, L., Clais, P., Dufresne, J.-L., Fairhead, L. and co-authors. 2001. Positive feedback between future climate change and the carbon cycle. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1543–1546.
   Google Scholar
• Friedlingstein, P., Dufresne, J.-L., Cox, P. M. and Rayner, P. 2003. How positive is the feedback between climate change and the carbon cycle? Tellus 55B, 692–700.
   Google Scholar
• Fung, I., Field, C. B., Berry, J. A., Thompson, M. V., Randerson, J. T. et al. 1997. Carbon 13 exchanges between the atmosphere and biosphere. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 11,507–533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton, R. 2003. Revised estimates of the annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use and land management 1850-2000. Tellus 55B, 378–390.
   Google Scholar
• Hungate, B. A., Dukes, J. S., Shaw, M. R., Luo, Y. and Field, C. B. 2003. Nitrogen and climate change. Science 302, 1512–1513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IGBP Terrestrial Carbon Working Group. 1998. The terrestrial carbon cycle: implications for the Kyoto Protocol. Science 280, 1393–1394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 1997. An Introduction to Simple Climate Models used in the IPCC Second Assessment Report. IPCC Technical Paper II (eds. J. T. Houghton, L. G. M. Filho, D. J. Griggs and K. Masket). IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2001. Climate Change 2001, The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Joos, F., Prentice, I. C., Sitch, S., Meyer, R., Hooss, G. and co-authors. 2001. Global warming feedbacks on terrestrial carbon uptake under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 891–907.
   Google Scholar
• Kiehl, J. T., Hack, J. J., Bonan, G. B., Boville, B. Y., Briegleb, B. P. et al. 1996. Description of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3). NCAR Technical Note, NCARTIN-420±STR. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado.
   Google Scholar
• King, A. W., Post, W. M. and Wullschleger, S. D. 1997. The potential response of terrestrial carbon storage to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2. Climate Change 35, 199–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum, M. U. F. 2000. Will changes in soil organic carbon act as a positive or negative feedback on global warming? Biogeochemistiy 48, 21–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucharik, C. J., Foley, J. A., Delire, C., Fisher, V. A., Coe, M. T. et al. 2000. Testing the performance of a dynamic global ecosystem model: water balance, carbon balance, and vegetation structure. Global Bio-geochem. Cycles 14 (3), 795–825.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis, J. R. and Koch, G. G. 1977. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical date. Biometrics 33, 159–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J. and Jaylor, J. A. 1994. On the temperature dependence of soil respiration. Functional EcoL 8, 315–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier-Reimer, E. 1993. Biogeochemical cycles in an ocean general-circulation model-preindustrial tracer distributions. Global Bio-geochem. Cycles 7 (3), 645–677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltrud, M. E., Smith, R. D., Semtner, A. J. and Malone, A. J. 1998. Global eddy-resolving ocean simulations driven by 1985-1995 atmospheric winds. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 30 825-30 853.
   Google Scholar
• Marland, G., Boden, T. and Andres, R. 2002. Global, regional, and national annual CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement produc-tion and gas flaring: 1751-1999. CDIAC NIP-030. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
   Google Scholar
• McGuire, A. D., Sitch, S., Clein, J. S., Dargaville, R., Esser, G. and co-authors. 2001. Carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere in the twentieth century: analyses of CO2, climate and land-use effects with four process-based ecosystem models. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 183–206.
   Google Scholar
• Meehl, G. A., Washington, W. M., Arblaster, J. M. and Hu, A. 2004. Fac-tors affecting climate sensitivity in global coupled models. J. Climate, 17, 1584–1596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monserud, R. A. 1990. Methods for comparing global vegetation maps. HASA WP-90-40. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Nadelhoffer, K. J., Emmett, B. A. and Gundersen, P. 1999. Nitrogen makes a minor contribution to carbon sequestration in temperate forests. Nature 398, 145–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najjar, R. G. and Orr, J. C. 1999. Biotic How-To, Revision 1.7. Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCM1P). http:// www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/OCMIP/phase2/simulationsMiotic/HOWTO-Biotic.html
   Google Scholar
• Orr, J. C. and Dutay, J.-C. 1999. OCMIP mid-project workshop. Re-search GAIM Newsletter 3, 4–5.
   Google Scholar
• Orr, J. C., Maier-Raimer, E., Milcolajewicz, U., Monfray, P., Sarmiento, J. L. et al. 2001. Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four 3-D global ocean models. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 43–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentice, I. C., Farquhar, G. D., Fasham, M. J. R., Goulden, M. L., Heimann, M. et al. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC (eds J. T. Houghton et al.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 183–237.
   Google Scholar
• Prentice, I. C., Heimann, M. and Sitch, S. 2000. The carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere; ecosystem models and atmospheric observations. Ecol. Applic. 10 (6), 1553–1573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Root, T. L. and Schneider, S. H. 1993. Can large scale climatic models be linked with multiscale ecological studies? Conserv. Biol. 7 (2), 256–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarmiento, J. L., Hughes, T. C., Stouffer, R. J. and Manabe, S. 1998. Simulated response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming. Nature 393, 245–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarmiento, J. L. and Le Quere, C. 1996. Oceanic carbon dioxide uptake in a model of century-scale global warming. Science 274, 1346–1350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimel, D. S. 1998. The Carbon equation. Nature 393, 208–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, S., Govindasamy, B., Mirin, A., Caldeira, K., Delire, C. et al. 2004. Quantifying the effects of CO2-fertilized vegetation on future climate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L23211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, R. C., Vezina, A. F., Legendre, L., Ingram, R. G., Klein, B. et al. 2000. Effects of pelagic food-web interactions and nutrient remineral-ization on the biogeochemical cycling of carbon: a modeling approach. Deep-Sea Res. 47, 637–662.
   Google Scholar
• Tjoelker, M. G., Oleksyn, J. and Reich, P. B. 2001. Modelling respiration of vegetation: evidence for a general temperature-dependent Q(10). Global Change Biol. 7, 223–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. 1997. The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, http://www.unfcc.int/ resource/convlcp.html.
   Google Scholar
• Washington, W. M., Weatherly, J. W., Meehl, G. A., Semtner, A. J. Jr, Bettge, T. W. et al. 2000. Parallel Climate Model (PCM) control and transient simulations. Clim. Dynam. 16, 755–774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf-Gladrow, D. and Riebesell, U. 1997. Diffusion and reactions in the vicinity of plankton: a refined model for inorganic carbon transport. Mar Chem. 59, 17–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar