513
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research Articles

Processes limiting the emergence of detectable aerosol indirect effects on tropical warm clouds in global aerosol-climate model and satellite data

, , &
Article: 24054 | Received 11 Feb 2014, Accepted 10 Apr 2014, Published online: 09 May 2014

References

  • Abel S. , Boutle I . An improved representation of the raindrop size distribution for single-moment microphysics schemes. Q. J. Roy. Meterol. Soc. 2012; 138: 2151–2162.
  • Andreae M. O . Correlation between cloud condensation nuclei concentration and aerosol optical thickness in remote and polluted regions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009; 9: 543–556.
  • Bates T. , Lamb B. , Guenther A. , Dignon J. , Stoiber R . Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from natural sources. J. Atmos. Chem. 1992; 14: 315–337.
  • Behrens H. L . Present traffic and emissions from maritime shipping. Deliverable D1.1.2.2 of the EU-IP QUANTIFY (confidential). 2006. Det Norske Veritas. Online at: http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/quantify/ .
  • Bond T. , Streets D. , Yarber K. , Nelson S. , Woo J. , co-authors . A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion. J. Geophys. Res. 2004; 109: D14 203.
  • Boucher O. , Randall D. , Artaxo P. , Bretherton C. , Feingold G. , co-authors . Stocker T. , Qin D. , Plattner G.-K. , Tignor M. , Allen S. , co-authors . Clouds and aerosols. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2013; Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 571–658.
  • Campmany E. , Grainger R. , Dean S. , Sayer A . Automatic detection of ship tracks in ATSR-2 satellite imagery. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009; 9: 1899–1905.
  • Capaldo K. , Corbett J. , Kasibhatla P. , Fischbeck P. , Pandis S . Effects of ship emissions on sulphur cycling and radiative climate forcing over the ocean. Nature. 1999; 400: 743–746.
  • Carslaw K. , Lee L. , Reddington C. , Pringle K. , Rap A. , co-authors . Large contribution of natural aerosols to uncertainty in indirect forcing. Nature. 2013; 503: 67–71.
  • Chen Y.-C. , Christensen M. W. , Xue L. , Sorooshian A. , Stephens G. L. , co-authors . Occurrence of lower cloud albedo in ship tracks. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012; 12: 8223–8235.
  • Christensen M. , Stephens G . Microphysical and macrophysical responses of marine stratocumulus polluted by underlying ships: evidence of cloud deepening. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2011; 116: D03 201.
  • Coakley J. , Bernstein R. , Durkee P . Effect of ship-stack effluents on cloud reflectivity. Science. 1987; 237: 1020–1022.
  • Coggon M. M. , Sorooshian A. , Wang Z. , Metcalf A. R. , Frossard A. A. , co-authors . Ship impacts on the marine atmosphere: insights into the contribution of shipping emissions to the properties of marine aerosol and clouds. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012; 12: 8439–8458.
  • Conover J . Anomalous cloud lines. J. Atmos. Sci. 1966; 23: 778–785.
  • Corbett J. , Koehler H . Updated emissions from ocean shipping. J. Geophys. Res. 2003; 108: 4650–64.
  • Corbett J. , Koehler H . Considering alternative input parameters in an activity-based ship fuel consumption and emissions model: reply to comment by Øyvind Endresen et al. on Updated emissions from ocean shipping. J. Geophys. Res. 2004; 109: 23303.
  • Dalsøren S. , Eide M. , Endresen Ø. , Mjelde A. , Gravir G. , co-authors . Update on emissions and environmental impacts from the international fleet of ships: the contribution from major ship types and ports. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009; 9: 2171–2194.
  • Dentener F. , Kinne S. , Bond T. , Boucher O. , Cofala J. , co-authors . Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006; 6: 4321–4344.
  • Devasthale A. , Krüger O. , Grassl H . Impact of ship emissions on cloud properties over coastal areas. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006; 33: 02811.
  • Dufresne J.-L. , Bony S . An assessment of the primary sources of spread of global warming estimates from coupled atmosphere-ocean models. J. Clim. 2008; 21: 5135–5144.
  • Durkee P. , Chartier R. , Brown A. , Trehubenko E. , Rogerson S. , co-authors A . Composite ship track characteristics. J. Atmos. Sci. 2000a; 57: 2542–2553.
  • Durkee P. , Noone K. , Bluth R . The Monterey area ship track experiment. J. Atmos. Sci. 2000b; 57: 2523–2541.
  • Endresen Ø. , Sørgård E. , Bakke J. , Isaksen I . Substantiation of a lower estimate for the bunker inventory: comment on updated emissions from ocean shipping by James J. Corbett and Horst W. Koehler. J. Geophys. Res. 2004; 109: 23 302.
  • Endresen Ø. , Sørgård E. , Sundet J. , Dalsøren S. , Isaksen I. , co-authors . Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact. J. Geophys. Res. 2003; 108: 4560.
  • Eyring V. , Köhler H. , Van Aardenne J. , Lauer A . Emissions from international shipping: 1. The last 50 years. J. Geophys. Res. 2005; 110: 17305.
  • Feichter J. , Kjellström E. , Rodhe H. , Dentener F. , Lelieveldi J. , co-authors . Simulation of the tropospheric sulfur cycle in a global climate model. Atmos. Environ. 1996; 30: 1693–1707.
  • Franke K. , Eyring V. , Sander R. , Hendricks J. , Lauer A. , co-authors . Toward effective emissions of ships in global models. Meteorol. Z. 2008; 17: 117–129.
  • Franklin C. N . A warm rain microphysics parameterization that includes the effect of turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci. 2008; 65: 1795–1816.
  • Fuglestvedt J. , Berntsen T. , Eyring V. , Isaksen I. , Lee D. S. , co-authors . Shipping emissions: from cooling to warming of climate – and reducing impacts on health. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009; 43: 9057–9062.
  • Gehlot S. , Quaas J . Convection-climate feedbacks in the ECHAM5 general circulation model: evaluation of cirrus cloud life cycles with ISCCP satellite data from a Lagrangian trajectory perspective. J. Clim. 2012; 25: 5241–5259.
  • Goren T. , Rosenfeld D . Satellite observations of ship emission induced transitions from broken to closed cell marine stratocumulus over large areas. J. Geophys. Res. 2012; 117: 17206.
  • Grandey B. S. , Stier P. , Wagner T. M . Investigating relationships between aerosol optical depth and cloud fraction using satellite, aerosol reanalysis and general circulation model data. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013; 13: 3177–3184.
  • Guelle W. , Schulz M. , Balkanski Y. , Dentener F . Influence of the source formulation on modelling the atmospheric global distribution of sea salt aerosol. J. Geophys. Res. 2001; 106: 27509–27524.
  • Horowitz L. , Walters S. , Mauzerall D. , Emmons L. , Rasch P. , co-authors . A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2. J. Geophys. Res. 2003; 108: 4784.
  • Isaksen I. , Granier C. , Myhre G. , Berntsen T. , Dalsren S. , co-authors . Atmospheric composition change: climate chemistry interactions. Atmos. Environ. 2009; 43: 5138–5192.
  • Kazil J. , Lovejoy E. R . A semi-analytical method for calculating rates of new sulfate aerosol formation from the gas phase. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007; 7: 3447–3459.
  • Kazil J. , Stier P. , Zhang K. , Quaas J. , Kinne S. , co-authors . Aerosol nucleation and its role for clouds and earth's radiative forcing in the aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010; 10: 10733–10752.
  • Kettle A. , Andreae M . Flux of dimethylsulfide from the oceans- a comparison of updated data sets and flux models. J. Geophys. Res. 2000; 105: 793–808.
  • Khairoutdinov M. , Kogan Y . A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus. Mon. Weather Rev. 2000; 128: 229–243.
  • Kinne S. , Schulz M. , Textor C. , Guibert S. , Balkanski Y. , co-authors . An AeroCom initial assessment – optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006; 6: 1815–1834.
  • Kulmala M. , Lehtinen K. E. J. , Laaksonen A . Cluster activation theory as an explanation of the linear dependence between formation rate of 3nm particles and sulphuric acid concentration. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006; 6: 787–793.
  • Lauer A. , Eyring V. , Hendricks J. , Jöckel P. , Lohmann U . Global model simulations of the impact of ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the radiation budget. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007; 7: 5061–5079.
  • Lin H. , Leaitch W . Development of an in-cloud aerosol activation parameterization for climate modelling. Proceedings of the WMO Workshop on Measurement of Cloud Properties for Forecasts of Weather, Air Quality and Climate. 1997; World Meteorological Organization, Geneva 328–335.
  • Lin S. , Rood R . Multidimensional flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport schemes. Mon. Weather Rev. 1996; 124: 2046–2070.
  • Lohmann U. , Feichter J. , Chuang C. , Penner J . Prediction of the number of cloud droplets in the ECHAM GCM. J. Geophys. Res. 1999; 104: 9169–9198.
  • Lohmann U. , Stier P. , Hoose C. , Ferrachat S. , Kloster S. , co-authors . Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007; 7: 3425–3446.
  • Lund M. T. , Eyring V. , Fuglestvedt J. , Hendricks J. , Lauer A. , co-authors . Global-mean temperature change from shipping toward 2050: improved representation of the indirect aerosol effect in simple climate models. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012; 46: 8868–8877.
  • Matthias V. , Bewersdorff I. , Aulinger A. , Quante M . The contribution of ship emissions to air pollution in the North Sea regions. Environ. Pollut. 2010; 158: 2241–2250.
  • Myhre G. , Shindell D. , Bréon F.-M. , Collins W. , Fuglestvedt J. , co-authors . Stocker T. , Qin D. , Plattner G.-K. , Tignor M. , Allen S. , co-authors . Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2013; Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 659–740.
  • Nakajima T. , King M . Determination of the optical-thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from reflected solar-radiation measurements .1 Theory. J. Atmos. Sci. 1990; 47: 1878–1893.
  • Nam C. , Bony S. , Dufresne J.-L. , Chepfer H . The ‘too few, too bright’ tropical low-cloud problem in CMIP5 models. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012; 39: 21 801.
  • Nam C. C. W . Using CALIPSO and CloudSat satellite retrievals to evaluate low-level cloud parameterizations in ECHAM5 for cloud-climate feedbacks implications. Berichte zur Erdsystemforschung.
  • Nam C. C. W. , Quaas J . Evaluation of clouds and precipitation in the ECHAM5 general circulation model using CALIPSO and CloudSat satellite data. J. Clim.
  • Olivier J. G. J. , Van Aardenne J. A. , Dentener F. J. , Pagliari V. , Ganzeveld L. N. , co-authors . Recent trends in global greenhouse gas emissions: regional trends 1970–2000 and spatial distribution of key sources in 2000. Environ. Sci. 2005; 2: 81–99.
  • Partanen A.-I. , Kokkola H. , Romakkaniemi S. , Kerminen V.-M. , Lehtinen K. E. J. , co-authors . Direct and indirect effects of sea spray geoengineering and the role of injected particle size. J. Geophys. Res. 2012; 117
  • Partanen A. I. , Laakso A. , Schmidt A. , Kokkola H. , Kuokkanen T. , co-authors . Climate and air quality trade-offs in altering ship fuel sulfur content. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013; 13: 12059–12071.
  • Peters K. , Quaas J. , Graßl H . A search for large-scale effects of ship emissions on clouds and radiation in satellite data. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2011; 116: 24205.
  • Peters K. , Stier P. , Quaas J. , Graßl H . Aerosol indirect effects from shipping emissions: sensitivity studies with the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM-HAM. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012; 12: 5985–6007.
  • Peters K. , Stier P. , Quaas J. , Graßl H . Corrigendum to “Aerosol indirect effects from shipping emissions: sensitivity studies with the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM-HAM” published in. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013; 12: 5985–6007. 2012. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 6429–6430.
  • Pierce J. R. , Adams P. J . Uncertainty in global CCN concentrations from uncertain aerosol nucleation and primary emission rates. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009; 9: 1339–1356.
  • Platnick S. , King M. , Ackerman S. , Menzel W. , Baum B. , co-authors . The MODIS cloud products: algorithms and examples from Terra. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2003; 41: 459–473.
  • Platnick S. , Twomey S . Determining the susceptibility of cloud albedo to changes in droplet concentration with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1994; 33: 334–347.
  • Quaas J. , Ming Y. , Menon S. , Takemura T. , Wang M. , co-authors . Aerosol indirect effects – general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009; 9: 8697–8717.
  • Quaas J. , Stevens B. , Stier P. , Lohmann U . Interpreting the cloud cover – aerosol optical depth relationship found in satellite data using a general circulation model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010; 10: 6129–6135.
  • Randall D. , Wood R. , Bony S. , Colman R. , Fichefet T. , co-authors . Solomon S. , Qin D. , Manning M. , Chen Z. , Marquis M. , co-authors . Climate models and their evaluation. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007; Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 589–662.
  • Remer L. , Kaufman Y. , Tanre D. , Mattoo S. , Chu D. , co-authors . The MODIS aerosol algorithm, products, and validation. J. Atmos. Sci. 2005; 62: 947–973.
  • Righi M. , Klinger C. , Eyring V. , Hendricks J. , Lauer A. , co-authors . Climate impact of biofuels in shipping: global model studies of the aerosol indirect effect. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011; 45: 3519–3525.
  • Roelofs G. J. , Stier P. , Feichter J. , Vignati E. , Wilson J . Aerosol activation and cloud processing in the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006; 6: 2389–2399.
  • Schreier M. , Mannstein H. , Eyring V. , Bovensmann H . Global ship track distribution and radiative forcing from 1 year of AATSR data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007; 34: 17814.
  • Simmons A. , Uppala S. , Dee D. , Kobayashi S . ERA-Interim: new ECMWF reanalysis products from 1989 onwards. ECMWF Newsletter. 2007; 110: 25–35.
  • Stevens B. , Feingold G . Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system. Nature. 2009; 461: 607–613.
  • Stevens R. G. , Pierce J. R . A parameterization of sub-grid particle formation in sulfur-rich plumes for global- and regional-scale models. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013; 13: 12117–12133.
  • Stevens R. G. , Pierce J. R. , Brock C. A. , Reed M. K. , Crawford J. H. , co-authors . Nucleation and growth of sulfate aerosol in coal-fired power plant plumes: sensitivity to background aerosol and meteorology. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012; 12: 189–206.
  • Stier P. , Feichter J. , Kinne S. , Kloster S. , Vignati E. , co-authors . The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005; 5: 1125–1156.
  • Sundqvist H. , Berge E. , Kristjansson J . Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. Mon. Weather Rev. 1989; 117: 1641–1657.
  • Taylor K. , Williamson D. , Zwiers F . The sea surface temperature and sea-ice concentration boundary conditions for AMIP II simulations. PCMDI Rep. 2000; 60: 28.
  • Tegen I. , Harrison S. , Kohfeld K. , Prentice I. , Coe M. , co-authors . Impact of vegetation and preferential source areas on global dust aerosol: results from a model study. J. Geophys. Res. 2002; 107: 4576.
  • Tiedtke M . A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large- scale models. Mon. Weather Rev. 1989; 117: 1779–1800.
  • Twomey S. , Howell H. , Wojciechowski T . Comments on “anomalous cloud lines.”. J. Atmos. Sci. 1968; 25: 333–334.
  • Vignati E. , Wilson J. , Stier P . M7: an efficient size-resolved aerosol microphysics module for large-scale aerosol transport models. J. Geophys. Res. 2004; 109: 22202.
  • Wang H. , Feingold G . Modeling mesoscale cellular structures and drizzle in marine stratocumulus. Part II: the microphysics and dynamics of the boundary region between open and closed cells. J. Atmos. Sci. 2009; 66: 3257–3275.
  • Wang M. , Ghan S. , Liu X. , L'Ecuyer T. S. , Zhang K. , co-authors . Constraining cloud lifetime effects of aerosols using A-Train satellite observations. Geophys. Res. Lett.
  • Wang M. , Ghan S. , Liu X. , L'Ecuyer T. S. , Zhang K. , co-authors . 2012. Constraining cloud lifetime effects of aerosols using A-Train satellite observations. Geophys. Res. Lett.
  • Weber T. , Quaas J . Incorporating the subgrid-scale variability of clouds in the autoconversion parameterization using a PDF-scheme. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 2012; 4: 1103.
  • Zhang K. , O'Donnell D. , Kazil J. , Stier P. , Kinne S. , co-authors . The global aerosol-climate model ECHAM-HAM, version 2: sensitivity to improvements in process representations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012; 12: 8911–8949.