The geographical distribution of meteorological parameters associated with high and low summer ozone levels in the lower troposphere and the boundary layer over the eastern Mediterranean (Cairo case)

References

• Anagnostopoulou C. , Zanis P. , Katragkou E. , Tegoulias I. , Tolika K . Recent past and future patterns of the Etesian winds based on regional scale climate model simulations. Clim. Dynam. 2014; 42: 1819–1836. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1936-0 .
   Google Scholar
• Coman A. , Foret G. , Beekmann M. , Eremenko M. , Dufour G. , co-authors . Assimilation of IASI partial tropospheric columns with an Ensemble Kalman Filter over Europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012; 12: 2513–2532. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2513-2012 .
   Google Scholar
• Doche C. , Dufour G. , Foret G. , Eremenko M. , Cuesta J. , co-authors . Summertime tropospheric-ozone variability over the Mediterranean basin observed with IASI. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014; 14: 10589–10600.
   Google Scholar
• Eremenko M. , Dufour G. , Foret G. , Keim C. , Orphal J. , co-authors . Tropospheric ozone distributions over Europe during the heat wave in July 2007 observed from infrared nadir spectra recorded by IASI. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008; 35: 18805. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034803 .
   Google Scholar
• Foret G. , Hamaoui L. , Schmechtig C. , Eremenko M. , Keim C. , co-authors . Evaluating the potential of IASI ozone observations to constrain simulated surface ozone concentrations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009; 9: 8479–8491. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8479-2009 .
   Google Scholar
• Gros V. , Williams J. , van Aardenne J. A. , Salisbury G. , Hofmann R. , co-authors . Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2003; 3: 1223–1235. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1223-2003 Origin of anthropogenic hydrocarbons and halocarbons measured in the summertime European outflow (on Crete in 2001).
   Google Scholar
• Kalabokas P. D. , Cammas J.-P. , Thouret V. , Volz-Thomas A. , Boulanger D. , co-authors . Examination of the atmospheric conditions associated with high and low summer ozone levels in the lower troposphere over the eastern Mediterranean. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013; 13: 10339–10352. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10339-2013 .
   Google Scholar
• Kalabokas P. D. , Mihalopoulos N. , Ellul R. , Kleanthous S. , Repapis C. C . An investigation of the meteorological and photochemical factors influencing the background rural and marine surface ozone levels in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Atmos. Environ. 2008; 42: 7894–7906.
   Google Scholar
• Kalabokas P. D. , Repapis C. C . A climatological study of rural surface ozone in central Greece. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2004; 4: 1139–1147. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1139-2004 .
   Google Scholar
• Kalabokas P. D. , Viras L. G. , Bartzis J. G. , Repapis C. C . Mediterranean rural ozone characteristics around the urban area of Athens. Atmos. Environ. 2000; 34: 5199–5208.
   Google Scholar
• Kalabokas P. D. , Volz-Thomas A. , Brioude J. , Thouret V. , Cammas J.-P. , co-authors . Vertical ozone measurements in the troposphere over the Eastern Mediterranean and comparison with Central Europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007; 7 : 3783–3790. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3783-2007 .
   Google Scholar
• Kalnay E. , Kanamitsu M. , Kistler R. , Collins W. , Deaven D. , co-authors . The NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 40-year Project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1996; 77 : 437–471.
   Google Scholar
• Kleanthous S. , Vrekoussis M. , Mihalopoulos N. , Kalabokas P. , Lelieveld J . On the temporal and spatial variation of ozone in Cyprus. Sci. Total Environ. 2014; 476–477: 677–687.
   Google Scholar
• Kourtidis K. , Zerefos C. , Rapsomanikis S. , Simeonov V. , Balis D. , co-authors . Regional levels of ozone in the troposphere over eastern Mediterranean. J. Geophys. Res. 2002; 107: 8140. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000140 .
   Google Scholar
• Kouvarakis G. , Vrekoussis M. , Mihalopoulos N. , Kourtidis K. , Rappenglueck B. , co-authors . Spatial and temporal variability of tropospheric ozone in the boundary layer above the Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean). J. Geophys. Res. 2002; 107: 8137. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000081 .
   Google Scholar
• Lelieveld J. , Berresheim H. , Borrmann S. , Crutzen P. J. , Dentener F. J. , co-authors . Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean. Science. 2002; 298: 794–799.
   Google Scholar
• Li Q. , Jacob D. J. , Logan J. A. , Bey I. , Yantosca R. M. , co-authors . A tropospheric ozone maximum over the Middle East. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001; 28: 3235–3238. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013134 .
   Google Scholar
• Liu J. J. , Jones D. B. A. , Worden J. R. , Noone D. , Parrington M. , co-authors . Analysis of the summertime build-up of tropospheric ozone abundances over the Middle East and North Africa as observed by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer instrument. J. Geophys. Res. 2009; 114: D05304. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010993 .
   Google Scholar
• Mantis H. T. , Repapis C. C. , Zerefos C. S . The summer maximum in total ozone over Northwest Europe. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1981; 119: 213–230.
   Google Scholar
• Marenco A. , Thouret V. , Nédélec P. , Smit H. , Helten M. , co-authors . Measurements of ozone and water vapor by Airbus in-service aircraft: the MOZAIC airborne program. An overview. J. Geophys. Res. 1998; 103: 25631–25642.
   Google Scholar
• Metaxas D. A . The interannual variability of the Etesian frequency as a response of atmospheric circulation anomalies. Bull. Hellenic Meteorol. Soc. 1977; 2(5): 30–40.
   Google Scholar
• Nedelec P. , Cammas J.-P. , Thouret V. , Athier G. , Cousin J.-M. , co-authors . An improved infrared carbon monoxide analyser for routine measurements aboard commercial Airbus aircraft: technical validation and first scientific results of the MOZAIC III programme. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2003; 3: 1551–1564. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1551-2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Parrish D. D. , Aikin K. C. , Oltmans S. J. , Johnson B. J. , Ives M. , co-authors . Impact of transported background ozone inflow on summertime air quality in a California ozone exceedance area. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010; 10: 10093–10109. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10093-2010 .
   Google Scholar
• Prezerakos N. G . Does the extension of the Azores anticyclone towards the Balkans really exist, Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioklimatol. A. 1984; 33: 217–227.
   Google Scholar
• Raicich F. , Pinardi N. , Navarra A . Teleconnections between Indian monsoon and Sahel rainfall and the Mediterranean. Int. J. Climatol. 2003; 23: 173–186.
   Google Scholar
• Repapis C. , Zerefos C. , Tritakis B . On the Etesians over the Aegean. Proc. Acad. Athens. 1977; 52: 572–606.
   Google Scholar
• Richards N. A. D. , Arnold S. R. , Chipperfield M. P. , Miles G. , Rap A. , co-authors . The Mediterranean summertime ozone maximum: global emission sensitivities and radiative impacts. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013; 13: 2331–2345. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2331-2013 .
   Google Scholar
• Rodwell M. J. , Hoskins B. J . Monsoons and the dynamics of deserts. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1996; 122: 1385–1404.
   Google Scholar
• Rodwell M. J. , Hoskins B. J . Subtropical anticyclones and summer monsoons. J. Clim. 2001; 14: 3192–3211.
   Google Scholar
• Roelofs G. J. , Scheeren H. A. , Heland J. , Ziereis H. , Lelieveld J . A model study of ozone in the eastern Mediterranean free troposphere during MINOS (August 2001). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2003; 3: 1199–1210. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1199-2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez M. L. , García M. A. , Pérez I. A. , de Torre B . Evaluation of surface ozone measurements during 2000–2005 at a rural area in the upper Spanish plateau. J. Atmos. Chem. 2008; 60: 137–152.
   Google Scholar
• Scheeren H. A. , Lelieveld J. , Roelofs G. J. , Williams J. , Fischer H. , co-authors . The impact of monsoon outflow from India and Southeast Asia in the upper troposphere over the eastern Mediterranean. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2003; 3: 1589–1608. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1589-2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Safieddine S. , Boynard A. , Coheur P.-F. , Hurtmans D. , Pfister G. , co-authors . Summertime tropospheric ozone assessment over the Mediterranean region using the thermal infrared IASI/MetOp sounder and the WRF-Chem model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014; 14: 10119–10131. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10119-2014 .
   Google Scholar
• Schürmann G. J. , Algieri A. , Hedgecock I. M. , Manna G. , Pirrone N. , co-authors . Modeling local and synoptic scale influences on ozone concentrations in a topographically complex region of Southern Italy. Atmos. Environ. 2009; 43: 4424–4434.
   Google Scholar
• Stohl A. , Forster C. , Frank A. , Seibert P. , Wotawa G . Technical note: the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005; 5: 2461–2474. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2461-2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Stohl A. , Hittenberger M. , Wotawa G . Validation of the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART against large scale tracer experiments. Atmos. Environ. 1998; 24: 4245–4264.
   Google Scholar
• Thouret V. , Cammas J.-P. , Sauvage B. , Athier G. , Zbinden R. , co-authors . Tropopause referenced ozone climatology and inter-annual variability (1994–2003) from the MOZAIC programme. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006; 6: 1033–1051. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1033-2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Thouret V. , Marenco A. , Logan J. , Nédélec P. , Grouhel C . Comparisons of ozone measurements from the MOZAIC airborne program and the ozone sounding network at eight locations. J. Geophys. Res. 1998; 103: 25695–25720.
   Google Scholar
• Traub M. , Fischer H. , de Reus M. , Kormann R. , Heland H. , co-authors . Chemical characteristics assigned to trajectory clusters during the MINOS campaign. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2003; 3: 459–468. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-459-2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Tressol M. , Ordonez C. , Zbinden R. , Brioude J. , Thouret V. , co-authors . Air pollution during the 2003 European heat wave as seen by MOZAIC airliners. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008; 8: 2133–2150. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2133-2008 .
   Google Scholar
• Tyrlis E. , Lelieveld J . Climatology and dynamics of the summer Etesian Winds over the Eastern Mediterranean. J. Atmos. Sci. 2013; 70: 3374–3396.
   Google Scholar
• Tyrlis E. , Lelieveld J. , Steil B . The summer circulation over the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East: influence of the South Asian monsoon. Clim. Dynam. 2013; 40: 1103–1123. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1528-4 .
   Google Scholar
• Tyrlis E. , Škerlak B. , Sprenger M. , Wernli H. , Zittis G. , co-authors . On the linkage between the Asian summer monsoon and tropopause fold activity over the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2014; 119: 3202–3221. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021113 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Aalst R. , Fowler D. , Megie G. , Moussiopoulos N. , Warneck P. , co-authors . Borrell P. , Hov O. , Grennfelt P. , Builtjes P . Photo-oxidants. Photooxidants, Acidification and Tools; Policy Applications of EUROTRAC results. 1996; Berlin: Springer Verlag. 41–69. Vol. 10.
   Google Scholar
• Varotsos C. , Kalabokas P. , Chronopoulos G . Atmospheric ozone concentration at Athens, Greece. Part II: Vertical ozone distribution in the troposphere. Atmos. Res. 1993; 30: 151–155.
   Google Scholar
• Velchev K. , Cavalli F. , Hjorth J. , Marmer E. , Vignati E. , co-authors . Ozone over the Western Mediterranean Sea – results from two years of ship borne measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011; 11: 675–688. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-675-2011 .
   Google Scholar
• Volz-Thomas A. , Beekmann M. , Derwent D. , Law K. , Lindskog A. , co-authors . Builtjes P. J.-H. , Harrison R. M. , Midgley P. M. , Tørsen K . Tropospheric ozone and its control. Towards Cleaner Air for Europe – Science, Tools and Applications. Part 1: Results from the EUROTRAC-2; Synthesis and Integration (S&I) Project. 2003; Munchen, Germany: International Scientific Secretariat. 73–122.
   Google Scholar
• Zanis P. , Hadjinicolaou P. , Pozzer A. , Tyrlis E. , Dafka S. , co-authors . Summertime free-tropospheric ozone pool over the eastern Mediterranean/Middle East. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014; 14: 115–132.
   Google Scholar
• Zbinden R. M. , Thouret V. , Ricaud P. , Carminati F. , Cammas J.-P. , co-authors . Climatology of pure Tropospheric profiles and column contents of ozone and carbon monoxide using MOZAIC in the mid-northern latitudes (24N to 50 N) from 1994 to 2009. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2013; 13: 14695–14747. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-14695-2013 .
   Google Scholar
• Zerefos C. S. , Kourtidis K. A. , Melas D. , Balis D. , Zanis P. , co-authors . Photochemical Activity and Solar Ultraviolet Radiation (PAUR) Modulation factors: an overview of the project. J. Geophys. Res. 2002; 107: 8134. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000134 .
   Google Scholar
• Ziv B. , Saaroni H. , Alpert P . The factors governing the summer regime of the Eastern Mediterranean. Int. J. Climatol. 2004; 24: 1859–1871.
   Google Scholar