REFERENCES
- Akbari , H. , Bretz , S. , Kurn , D. and Hartford , H. 1997 . ‘Peak power and cooling energy savings of high albedo roofs’ . Energy and Buildings , 25 : 117 – 126 .
- Akbari , H. and Konopacki , S. 2005 . ‘Calculating energy-saving potentials of heat-island reduction strategies’ . Energy Policy , 33 : 721 – 756 .
- Akbari , H. , Konopacki , S. , Parker , D. , Wilcox , B. , Eley , C. and Van Geem , M. 1998 . ‘Calculations in support of SSP90.1 for reflective roofs’ . ASHRAE Transactions , 104 ( no 1 ) : 984 – 995 .
- Araújo Prado , R. T. and Ferreira , F. L. 2005 . ‘Measurement of albedo and analysis of its influence the surface temperature of building roof materials’ . Energy and Buildings , 37 ( no 4 ) : 295 – 300 .
- ASHRAE Standard 55–192 . 1992 . Thermal Comfort Conditions for Human Occupancy American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) .
- ASTM E 1918–97 . 1997 . Standard Test Method for Measuring Solar Reflectance of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Surfaces in the Field American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) .
- ASTM E408–71 . 2002 . Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) .
- ASTM E903–96 . 1996 . Standard Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance and Transmittance of Materials Using Integrating Spheres American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) .
- Berdahl , P. and Bretz , S. E. 1997 . ‘Preliminary survey of the solar reflectance of cool roofing materials’ . Energy and Buildings , 25 : 149 – 158 .
- Butera , F. 1994 . ‘Energy and buildings in Mediterranean countries: Present and future’ . Renewable Energy , 5 ( Part II ) : 942 – 949 .
- California Energy Commission . 2002 . ‘Inclusion of Cool Roofs in Nonresidential Title 24 Prescriptive Requirements, Pacific Gas and Electricity’ http://www.energy.ca.gov/2005standards/documents/index.html
- Cantat , O. 1989 . Contribution a l'etude des variations du bilan d'energie en region parisienne PhD thesis, University of Paris Sorbonne
- Cheng , V. and Givoni , B. 2005 . ‘Effect of envelope color and thermal mass on indoor temperatures in hot humid climate’ . Solar Energy , 78 : 528 – 534 .
- Cheung , C. K. , Fuller , R. J. and Luther , M. B. 2005 . ‘Energy efficient envelope design for high rise apartments’ . Energy and Buildings , 37 ( no 1 ) : 37 – 48 .
- CIE 084 . 1989 . Measurement of Luminous Flux Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) .
- Coch , H. and Serra , R. 1996 . “ ‘Summer comfort solutions in Mediterranean areas’ ” . In Proceedings of WREC—World Renewable Energy Conference, Denver, CO
- Daví , L. and Giampaglia , C. 2007 . First Medlink Report: A Crossed Look on Reports and International Statistics About Development, Gender, Freedom, Conflicts and Mobility in Mediterranean http://www.medlinknet.org
- Doulos , L. , Santamouris , M. and Livada , I. 2004 . ‘Passive cooling of outdoor urban spaces. The role of materials’ . Solar Energy , 77 ( no 2 ) : 231 – 249 .
- EN 12898 . 2001 . Glass in Building—Determination of the Emissivity European Committee for Standardization (CEN) .
- EN 14500 . 2008 . Blinds and Shutters—Thermal and Visual Comfort—Test and Calculation Methods European Committee for Standardization (CEN) .
- EN ISO 13790:2008 . 2008 . Energy Performance of Buildings—Calculation of Energy Use for Space Heating and Cooling International Organization for Standardization (ISO) .
- EnergyPlus . 2007 . Energy Simulation Software The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois and The Regents of theUniversity of California through the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory .
- Goldreich , Y. 2006 . ‘Ground and top of canopy layer urban heat island partitioning on an airborne image’ . Remote Sensing of Environment , 104 : 247 – 255 .
- Hanson , C. E. , Palutikof , J. P. , Livermore , M. T. J. , Barring , L. , Bindi , M. , Corte-Real , J. , Duaro , R. , Giannakopoulos , C. , Good , P. , Holt , T. , Kundzewicz , Z. , Leckebusch , G. , Moriondo , M. , Radziejewski , M. , Santos , J. , Schlyter , P. , Schwarb , M. , Stjernquist , I. and Ulbrich , U. 2007 . ‘Modelling the impact of climate extremes: An overview of the MICE Project’ . Climatic Change , 81 : 163 – 177 .
- Hassid , S. , Santamouris , M. , Papanikolaou , N. , Linardi , A. and Klitsikas , N. 2000 . ‘The effect of the heat island on air conditioning load’ . Journal of Energy and Buildings , 32 ( no 2 ) : 131 – 141 .
- Howard , L. 1883 . The Climate of London Vol. I–III , London : Harvey and Dorton . s
- Huang , L. , Li , J. , Zhao , D. and Zhu , J. 2008 . ‘A fieldwork study on the diurnal changes of urban microclimate in four types of ground cover and urban heat island of Nanjing’ . Building and Environment , 43 : 7 – 17 .
- IPCC . 2007 . “ [Core Writing Team] ” . In Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Edited by: Pachauri , R. K. and Reisinger , A. Geneva , , Switzerland : IPCC .
- Ishida , W. 2007 . ‘Overview of the world air-conditioning market’, Appliances Magazine.com http://www.appliancemagazine.com/editorial.php?article=1812&zone=207&first=1
- Karlessi , T. , Santamouris , M. , Apostolakis , K. , Synnefa , A. and Livada , I. 2009 . ‘Development and testing of thermochromic coatings for buildings and urban structures’ . Solar Energy , 83 : 538 – 551 .
- Kolokotroni , M. , Giannitsaris , I. and Watkins , R. 2006 . ‘The effect of the London urban heat island on building summer cooling demand and night ventilation strategies’ . Solar Energy , 80 ( no 4 ) : 383 – 392 .
- Levinson , R. , Berdahl , P. and Akbari , H. 2005a . ‘Spectral solar optical properties of pigments Part I: Model for deriving scattering and absorption coefficients from transmittance and reflectance measurements’ . Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells , 89 : 319 – 349 .
- Levinson , R. , Berdahl , P. and Akbari , H. 2005b . ‘Spectral solar optical properties of pigments Part II: Survey of common colorants’ . Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells , 89 : 351 – 389 .
- Ma , Y. , Zhang , X. , Zhu , B. and Wu , K. 2002 . ‘Research on reversible effects and mechanism between the energy-absorbing and energy-reflecting states of chameleon-type building coatings’ . Journal of Solar Energy , 72 : 511 – 520 .
- Ma , Y. , Zhu , B. and Wu , K. 2001 . ‘Preparation and solar reflectance spectra of chameleon-type building coatings’ . Journal of Solar Energy , 70 : 417 – 422 .
- Neves , R. 2001 . Use of Thermochromic Black Pigments on White Textile or Coating Materials, to Save Energy in Buildings or Other Closed Spaces Word Intellectual Property Organization . Patent No. 92633
- OECD/IEA . 2007a . Energy Balances of non-OECD Countries 2004–2005 International Energy Agency (IEA) .
- OECD/IEA . 2007b . Energy Balances of OECD Countries 2004–2005 International Energy Agency (IEA) .
- Oke , T. R. , Johnson , D. G. , Steyn , D. G. and Watson , L. D. 1991 . ‘Simulation of surface urban heat island under “ideal” conditions at night—Part 2: Diagnosis and causation’ . Boundary Layer Meteorology , 56 : 339 – 358 .
- Parker , D. , Huang , J. , Konopacki , S. , Gartland , L. , Sherwin , J. and Gu , L. 1998 . ‘Measured and simulated performance of reflective roofing systems in residential buildings’ . ASHRAE Transactions , 104 ( no 1 ) : 963 – 975 .
- Plan Bleu . 2008 . Climate Change and Energy in the Mediterranean Sophia Antipolis : Plan Bleu—Regional Activity Center . July 2008
- Rosenzweig , C. , Solecki , W. , Parshall , L. , Choppingc , M. , Pope , G. and Goldberg , R. 2005 . ‘Characterizing the urban heat island in current and future climates in New Jersey’ . Environmental Hazards , 6 : 51 – 62 .
- Santamouris , M. 2007 . ‘Heat island research in Europe—the state of the art’ . Advances in Building Energy Research , 1 ( no 1 ) : 123 – 150 .
- Santamouris , M. , Pavlou , K. , Synnefa , A. , Niachou , K. and Kolokotsa , D. 2007 . ‘Recent progress on passive cooling techniques advanced technological developments to improve survivability levels in low-income households’ . Energy and Buildings , 39 : 859 – 866 .
- Shariah , A. , Shalabi , B. , Rousan , A. and Tashtoush , B. 1998 . ‘Effects of absorptance of external surfaces on heating and cooling loads of residential buildings in Jordan’ . Energy Conversion and Management , 39 : 273 – 284 .
- Simpson , J. R. and McPherson , E. G. 1997 . ‘The effects of roof albedo modification on cooling loads of scale model residences in Tucson Arizona’ . Energy and Buildings , 25 : 127 – 137 .
- Smith , G. B. , Gentle , A. , Swift , P. , Earp , A. and Mronga , N. 2003a . ‘Coloured paints based on coated flakes of metal as the pigment, for enhanced solar reflectance and cooler interiors: Description and theory’ . Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells , 79 : 163 – 177 .
- Smith , G. B. , Gentle , A. , Swift , P. , Earp , A. and Mronga , N. 2003b . ‘Coloured paints based on iron oxide and silicon oxide coated flakes of aluminium as the pigment, for energy efficient paint: Optical and thermal experiments’ . Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells , 79 : 163 – 177 .
- Suehrcke , H. , Peterson , E. L. and Selby , N. 2008 . ‘Effect of roof solar reflectance on the building heat gain in a hot climate’ . Energy and Buildings , 40 : 2224 – 2235 .
- Synnefa , A. , Santamouris , M. and Akbari , H. 2007a . ‘Estimating the effect of using cool coatings on energy loads and thermal comfort in residential buildings in various climatic conditions’ . Energy and Buildings , 39 ( no 11 ) : 1167 – 1174 .
- Synnefa , A. , Santamouris , M. and Apostolakis , K. 2007b . ‘On the development, optical properties and thermal performance of cool colored coatings for the urban environment’ . Solar Energy , 81 : 488 – 497 .
- Synnefa , A. , Santamouris , M. and Livada , I. 2006 . ‘A study of the thermal performance and of reflective coatings for the urban environment’ . Solar Energy , 80 : 968 – 981 .
- Taha , H. , Chang , S. C. and Akbari , H. 2000 . Meteorological and Air Quality Impacts of Heat Islandmitigation Measures in Three US Cities , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL—44222 Berkeley , CA
- Taha , H. , Sailor , D. and Akbari , H. 1992 . High Albedo Materials for Reducing Cooling Energy Use , Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report 31721, UC-350 Berkeley , CA
- TRNSYS . 2005 . Version 16—A Transient System Simulator Program Madison , , USA : Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin .
- World Bank . 2004 . Assessing the Costs of Environmental Degradation in the Middle East and the North Africa Region , Environment Strategy Note No. 9
- Zinzi , M. , Daneo , A. , Fanchiotti , A. and Trillò , A. 2008 . “ ‘Optical properties and influence of reflective coatings on the energy demand and thermal comfort in dwellings at Mediterranean latitudes’ ” . In Proceedings of PLEA 2008—25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Dublin, Ireland
- Zinzi , M. , Fanchiotti , A. , Fasano , G. and De Rossi , G. 2007b . “ ‘Use of cool roof to reduce the energy demand and consumption of commercial buildings at Mediterranean latitudes’ ” . In Proceedings of Sustainable Buildings South Europe, Turin, Italy
- Zinzi , M. and Fasano , G. 2009 . ‘Properties and performance of advanced reflective paints to reduce the cooling loads in buildings and mitigate the heat island effect in urban areas’ . International Journal of Sustainable Energy , 28 ( no 1 ) : 123 – 139 .
- Zinzi , M. , Fasano , G. and Manilia , E. 2007a . “ ‘Properties and performance of an innovative reflective painting to reduce the cooling loads in buildings and mitigate the heat island effect in urban areas’ ” . In Proceedings of II Palenc Conference—Building Low Energy Cooling and Advanced Ventilation Technologies in the 21st Century, Crete, Greece