19
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Another toxic shock syndrome

Streptococcal infection is even more dangerous than the staphylococcal form

, MD, PhD
Pages 31-44 | Published online: 30 Jun 2015

References

  • Davies HD, McGeer A, Schwartz: B, et al, for the Ontario Group A Streptococcal Study Group. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. N Engl J Med 1996; 335(8): 547–54
  • Holm SE, Norrby A, Bergholm AM, et al. Aspects of pathogenesis of serious group A streptococcal infections in Sweden, 1988–1989. J Infect Dis 1992; 166(1): 31–7
  • Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med 1989; 321(1); 1–7
  • Hauser AR, Stevens DL, Kaplan EL, et al. Molecular analysis of pyrogenic exotoxins from Streptococcus pyogenes isolates associated with toxic shock—tike syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29(8); 1562–7
  • Hsueh PR, Wu JJ, Tsai PJ, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal disease in Taiwan is not associated with the presence of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin genes. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26(3): 584–9
  • Talkington DF, Schwartz B, Black CM, et al. Association of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes isolates with clinical components of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Infect Immun 1993; 61(8): 3369–74

References

  • Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: rationale and consensus definition. JAMA 1993; 269(3): 390–1
  • Davies HD, McGeer A, Schwartz B, et al, for the Ontario Group A Streptococcal Study Group. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. N Engl J Med 1996; 335(8): 547–54
  • Katz AR, Morens DM. Severe streptococcal infections in historical perspective. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14(1): 298–307
  • Cone LA, Woodard DR, Schlievert PM, et al. Clinical and bacteriologic observations of a toxic shock-like syndrome due to Streptococcus pyogenes. N Engl J Med 1987; 317(3): 146–9
  • Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med 1989; 321(1): 1–7
  • Hoge CW, Schwartz B, Talkington DF, et al. The changing epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infections and the emergence of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome: a retrospective population-based study. JAMA 1993; 269 (3): 384–9 [Erratum, JAMA 1993; 269(13): 1638]
  • Kaul R, McGeer A, Low DE, et al. Population-based surveillance for group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: clinical features, prognostic indicators, and microbiologic analysis of seventy-seven cases. Ontario Group A Streptococcal Study. Am J Med 1997; 103(1): 18–24
  • Stevens DL. Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome: spectrum of disease, pathogenesis, and new concepts in treatment. Emerg Infect Dis 1995; 1(3): 69–78
  • Auerbach SB, Schwartz B, Williams D, et al. Outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal infections in a nursing home: lessons on prevention and control. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152(5): 1017–22
  • Gamba MA, Martinelli M, Schaad HJ, et al. Familial transmission of a serious disease-producing group A streptococcus clone: case reports and review. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24(6): 1118–21
  • Demers B, Simor AE, Vellend H, et al. Severe invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada: 1987–1991. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16(6): 792–800; discussion 801–2
  • Brogan TV, Nizet V, Waldhausen JH, et al. Group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis complicating primary varicella: a series of fourteen patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14(7): 588–94
  • Eagle H. Experimental approach to the problem of treatment failure with penicillin. I. Group A streptococcal infection in mice. Am J Med 1952; 13(Oct): 389–99
  • Stevens DL, Gibbons AE, Bergstrom R, et al. The Eagle effect revisited: efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis. J Infect Dis 1988; 158(1): 23–8
  • Stevens DL, Yan S, Bryant AE. Penicillin-binding protein expression at different growth stages determines penicillin efficacy in vitro and in vivo: an explanation for the inoculum effect. J Infect Dis 1993; 167(6): 1401–5
  • Perez CM, Kubak BM, Cryer HG, et al. Adjunctive treatment of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome using intravenous immunoglobulin: case report and review. Am J Med 1997; 102(1): 111–3
  • Smith RJ, Berk SL. Necrotizing fasciitis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. South Med J 1991; 84(6): 785–7
  • Stevens DL. Could nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) enhance the progression of bacterial infections to toxic shock syndrome? Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21(4): 977–80

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.