17
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attacks

Efficient evaluation is essential to beneficial intervention

, MD & , MD
Pages 55-83 | Published online: 30 Jun 2015

References

  • Guidelines for the management of transient ischemic attacks: from the Ad Hoc Committee on Guidelines for the Management of Transient Ischemic Attacks of the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Stroke 1994; 25(6): 1320–35
  • Brown RD Jr, Evans BA, Wiebers DO, et al. Transient ischemic attack and minor ischemic stroke: an algorithm for evaluation and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 1994; 69(11): 1027–39
  • Adams HP Jr, Brott TG, Crowell RM, et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1994; 25(9): 1901–14
  • Goldstein LB, Samsa GP. Reliability of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: extension to non-neurologists in the context of a clinical trial. Stroke 1997; 28(2): 307–10
  • Muir KW, Weir CJ, Murray GD, et al. Comparison of neurological scales and scoring systems for acute stroke prognosis. Stroke 1996; 27(10): 1817–20
  • Adams HP Jr, Davis PH, Leira EC, et al. Baseline NIH Stroke Scale score strongly predicts outcome after stroke: a report of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). Neurology 1999; 53(1): 126–31
  • Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, et al. Intra-arterial prouro-kinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA 1999; 282(21): 2003–11
  • Albers GW. Diffusion-weighted MRI for evaluation of acute stroke. Neurology 1998, 51(3 Suppl 3): S47–9
  • Albers GW. Expanding the window for thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke: the potential role of acute MRI for patient selection. Stroke 1999; 30(10): 2230–7
  • Brant'Zawadzki M, Heiserman JE. The roles of MR angiography, CT angiography, and sonography in vascular imaging of the head and neck. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997; 18(10): 1820–5
  • North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325(7): 445–53
  • Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(20): 1415–25
  • Kanter MC, Tegeler CH, Pearce LA, et al. Carotid stenosis in patients with atrial fibrillation: prevalence, risk factors, and relationship to stroke in the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154(12): 1372–7
  • Jackson MR, Chang AS, Robles HA, et al. Determination of 60% or greater carotid stenosis: a prospective comparison of magnetic resonance angiography and duplex ultrasound with conventional angiography. Ann Vase Surg 1998; 12(3): 236–43
  • Huston J 3d, Fain SB, Riederer SJ, et al. Carotid arteries: maximizing arterial to venous contrast in fluoroscopically triggered contrast-enhanced MR angiography with elliptic centric view ordering. Radiology 1999; 211(l): 265–73
  • Lubezky N, Fajer S, Barmeir E, et al. Duplex scanning and CT angiography in the diagnosis of carotid artery occlusion: a prospective study. Eur J Vase Endovasc Surg 1998; 16(2): 133–6
  • Sameshima T, Futami S, Morita Y, et al. Clinical usefulness of and problems with three-dimensional CT angiography for the evaluation of arteriosclerotic stenosis of the carotid artery: comparison with conventional angiography, MRA, and ultrasound sonography. Surg Neurol 1999; 51(3): 300–9
  • Skutta B, Furst G, Eilers J, et al. Intracranial stenoocclusive disease: double-detector helical CT angiography versus digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20(25): 791–4
  • De Marco JK, Schonfeld S, Wesbey G. Can noninvasive studies replace conventional angiography in the preoperative evaluation of carotid stenosis? Neuroimaging Clin North Am 1996; 6(4): 911–29
  • Chimowitz Ml, Kokkinos J, Strong J, et al. The Warfarin- Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Study. Neurology 1995; 45(8): 1488–93
  • Petty GW, Wiebers DO, Meissner I. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: clinical applications in cerebrovascular disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1990; 65(10): 1350–64
  • Gan R, Sacco RL, Kargman DE, et al. Testing the validity of the lacunar hypothesis: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study experience. Neurology 1997; 48(5): 1204–11
  • Autore C, Cartoni D, Piccininno M. Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography and stroke. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81(12A): 79–81G
  • Warner MF, Momah KI. Routine transesophageal echocardiography for cerebral ischemia: is it really necessary? Arch Intern Med 1996; 156(15): 1719–23
  • Wilterdink JL, Furie KL, Easton JD. Cardiac evaluation of stroke patients. Neurology 1998; 51(3 Suppl 3): S23–6
  • McNamara RL, Lima JA, Whelton PK, et al. Echocardiography identification of cardiovascular sources of emboli to guide clinical management of stroke: a cost-effective analysis. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127(9): 775–87
  • Coull B, De Loughery T, Feinberg W. Coagulation abnormalities in stroked In: Barnett HJM, Mohr JP, Stein BM, eds. Stroke: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. 3d ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1998: 963–78
  • Lindgren A, Brattstrom L, Norrving B, et al. Plasma homocysteine in the acute and convalescent phases after stroke. Stroke 1995; 26(5): 795–800
  • Tatlisumak T, Fisher M. Hematologic disorders associated with ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci 1996; 140(1–2): 1–11
  • Madden KP, Karanjia PN, Adams HP Jr, et al. Accuracy of initial stroke subtype, diagnosis in the TOAST study. Neurology 1995; 45(11): 1975–9

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.