26
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Estrogens and lipids

Can HRT, designer estrogens, and phytoestrogens reduce cardiovascular risk markers after menopause?

, MD, MPH & , MD
Pages 23-30 | Published online: 30 Jun 2015

References

  • 2001 Heart and stroke statistical update. Dallas: American Heart Association, 2000
  • Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality. N Engl J Med 1997; 336(25): 1769–75
  • Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. Prev Med 1991; 20(1): 47–63
  • Bush TL, Barrett-Connor E, Cowan LD, et al. Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study. Circulation 1987; 75(6): 1102–9
  • Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease: ten-year follow-up from the Nurses' Health Study. N Engl J Med 1991; 325(11):756–62
  • Meade TW. Hormone replacement therapy and haemostatic function. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78(1): 765–9
  • Gangar KF, Reid BA, Crook D, et al. Oestrogens and atherosclerotic vascular disease—local vascular factors. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 7(1):47–59
  • Cupples LA, D'Agostino RB, Kiely D. Some risk factors related to the annual incidence of cardiovascular disease and death using pooled repeated biennial measurements. Framingham Heart Study, 30-year follow-up. In: Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Garrison RJ, eds. The Framingham Heart Study: an epidemiolgical investigation of cardiovascular disease. Bethesda: US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1987; NIH publication 87–2703, section 34
  • Walsh BW, Schiff I, Rosner B, et al. Effects of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on the concentrations and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med 1991; 325(17): 1196–204
  • Kannel W, Gordon T, eds. The Framingham Study: an epidemiological investigation of cardiovascular disease. Bethesda: US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1987; NIH publication 74–618
  • Castelli WP. Cholesterol and lipids in the risk of coronary artery disease—the Framingham Heart Study. Can J Cardiol 1988; 4(Suppl A):5–10A
  • Castelli WP, Anderson K. A population at risk: prevalence of high cholesterol levels in hypertensive patients in the Framingham Study. Am J Med 1986; 80(2A): 23–32
  • Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: four prospective American studies. Circulation 1989; 79(1):8–15
  • Grundy SM. Guidelines for cholesterol management: recommendations of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel II. Heart Dis Stroke 1994; 3(3): 123–7
  • Bonithon-Kopp C, Scarabin PY, Darne B, et al. Menopause-related changes in lipoproteins and some other cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19(1):42–8
  • Schriewer H, Assmann G, Sandkamp M, et al. The relationship of lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) to risk factors of coronary heart disease: initial results of the prospective epidemiological study on company employees in Westfalia. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1984; 22(9):591–6
  • Jacobs DR Jr, Mebane IL, Bangdiwala SI, et al. High density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women: the follow- up study of the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131(1):32–47
  • Castelli WP. Cardiovascular disease in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158 (6 Pt 2):1553–60, 1566–7
  • The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 1995; 273(3): 199–208
  • Rijpkema AH, van der Sanden AA, Ruijs AH. Effects of post-menopausal oestrogen-progestogen replacement therapy on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a review. Maturitas 1990; 12(3): 259–85
  • Chae CU, Ridker PM, Manson JE. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78(1): 770–80
  • Young SG, Parthasarathy S. Why are low-density lipoproteins atherogenic? West J Med 1994; 160(2): 153–64
  • Everson GT, McKinley C, Kern F Jr. Mechanisms of gallstone formation in women: effects of exogenous estrogen (Premarin) and dietary cholesterol on hepatic lipid metabolism. J Clin Invest 1991; 87(1): 237–46
  • Sacks FM, McPherson R, Walsh BW. Effect of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on plasma Lp(a) lipoprotein concentrations. Arch Intern Med 1994: 154(10): 1106–10
  • Ariyo A, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ, et al. Lipoprotein (a), lipids, aspirin, and risk of myocardial infarction in the Physician's Health Study. J Cardiovasc Risk 1998; 5(4): 273–8
  • Abbey M, Owen A, Suzakawa M, et al. Effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapy on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and LDL-receptor activity. Maturitas 1999; 33(3): 259–69
  • Cleeman J. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285(19): 2486–97
  • Fak AS, Erenus M, Tezcan H, et al. Effects of simvastatin only or in combination with continuous combined hormone replacement therapy on serum lipid levels in hypercholestrolaemic post-menopausal women. Eur Heart J 2000; 21(3): 178–80
  • Grodos D, Tonglet R. Scandinavian simvastatin study (4S). (Letter) Lancet 1994; 344(8939–40): 1768
  • Lewis SJ, Sacks FM, Mitchell JS, et al. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in women after myocardial infarction: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32(1): 140–6
  • Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998; 280(7):605–13
  • Walsh BW, Kuller LH, Wild RA, et al. Effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998; 279(18): 1445–51
  • Goldfrank D, Haytoglu T, Frishman WH, et al. Raloxifene, a new selective estrogen receptor modulator. J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 39(8): 767–74
  • Wasan KM, Ramaswamy M, Haley J, et al. Administration of long-term tamoxifen therapy modifies the plasma lipoprotein-lipid concentration and lipid transfer protein I activity in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86(7): 876–9
  • Elisaf M, Bairaktari E, Nicolaides C, et al. The beneficial effect of tamoxifen on serum lipoprotein-A levels: an additional anti-atherogenic property. Anticancer Res 1996; 16(5A): 2725–8
  • Guetta V, Lush RM, Figg WD, et al. Effects of the antiestrogen tamoxifen on low-density lipoprotein concentrations and oxidation in postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76(14): 1072–3
  • Cattaneo M, Baglietto L, Zighetti ML, et al. Tamoxifen reduces plasma homocysteine levels in healthy women. Br J Cancer 1998; 77(12): 2264–6
  • Murkies A. Phytoestrogens—what is the current knowledge? Aust Fam Physician 1998; 27(Suppl 1): S47–51
  • Knight DC, Eden JA. A review of the clinical effects of phytoestrogens. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87(5 Pt 2):897–904
  • Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook- Newell ME. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med 1995; 333(5): 276–82
  • Bakhit RM, Klein BP, Essex-Sorlie D, et al. Intake of 25 g of soybean protein with or without soybean fiber alters plasma lipids in men with elevated cholesterol concentrations. J Nutr 1994; 124(2): 213–22
  • Knight DC, Howes JB, Eden JA, et al. Effects on menopausal symptoms and acceptability of isoflavone-containing soy powder dietary supplementation. Climacteric 2001; 4(1): 13–8
  • Mitchell JH, Collins AR. Effects of a soy milk supplement on plasma cholesterol levels and oxidative DNA damage in men—a pilot study. Eur J Nutr 1999; 38(3):143–8
  • Anthony MS, Clarkson TB, Bullock BC, et al. Soy protein versus soy phytoestrogens in the prevention of diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis of male cynomolgus monkeys. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 1997: 17(11): 2524–31

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.