Optimal management of septic shock

References

• Parrillo JE, Parker MM, Natanson C, et al. Septic shock in humans: advances in the understanding of pathogenesis, cardiovascular dysfunction, and therapy. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113(3):227–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1992; 20(6):864–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone RC. Immunologic dissonance: a continuing evolution in our understanding of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Ann Intern Med 1996; 125:680–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker MM, Shelhamer JH, Bacharach SL, et al. Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100(4):483–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker MM, Shelhamer JH, Natanson C, et al. Serial cardiovascular variables in survivors and nonsurvivors of human septic shock: heart rate as an early predictor of prognosis. Crit Care Med 1987; 15(10):923–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aeder MI, Crowe JP, Rhodes RS, et al. Technical limitations in the rapid infusion of intravenous fluids. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14(4):307–10
   Google Scholar
• Rackow EC, Falk JL, Fein IA, et al. Fluid resuscitation in circulatory shock: a comparison of the cardiorespiratory effects of albumin, hetastarch, and saline solutions in patients with hypovolemic and septic shock. Crit Care Med 1983; 11(11): 839–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rackow EC, Kaufman BS, Falk JL, et al. Hemodynamic response to fluid repletion in patients with septic shock: evidence for early depression of cardiac performance. Circ Shock 1987; 22(1): 11–22
   Google Scholar
• Winslow EJ, Loeb HS, Rahimtoola SH, et al. Hemodynamic studies and results of therapy in 50 patients with bacteremic shock. Am J Med 1973; 54(4): 421–32
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield LJ, Jackson RH, Elkins RC, et al. Cardiopulmonary effects of volume loading of primates in endotoxin shock. Surgery 1974; 76(4): 560–72
   Google Scholar
• Lamke LO, Liljedahl SO. Plasma volume changes after infusion of various plasma expanders. Resuscitation 1976; 5(2): 93–102
   Google Scholar
• Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340(6): 409–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society. Low-dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo-controlled randomised trial. ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Lancet 2000; 356(9248): 2139–43
   Google Scholar
• Martin C, Papazian L, Perrin G, et al. Norepinephrine or dopamine for the treatment of hyperdynamic septic shock? Chest 1993; 103(6): 1826–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry DW, Levin HR, Gallant EM, et al. Vasopressin pressor hypersensitivity in vasodilatory septic shock. Crit Care Med 1997; 25(8): 1279–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry DW, Levin HR, Gallant EM, et al. Vasopressin deficiency contributes to the vasodilation of septic shock. Circulation 1997; 95(5): 1122–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, Kram HB, et al. Prospective trial of supranormal values of survivors as therapeutic goals in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 1988; 94(6): 1176–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astiz M, Rackow EC, Weil MH, et al. Early impairment of oxidative metabolism and energy production in severe sepsis. Circ Shock 1988; 26(3): 311–20
   Google Scholar
• Schaefer C, Biber B, Lerner MR, et al. Rapid reduction of intestinal cytochrome a, a3 during lethal endotoxemia. J Surg Res 1991; 51(5): 382–91
   Google Scholar
• Manthous CA, Hall JB, Olson D, et al. Effect of cooling on oxygen consumption in febrile critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151(1): 10–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manthous CA, Hall JB, Kushner R, et al. The effect of mechanical ventilation on oxygen consumption in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151 (1): 210–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefering R, Neugebauer EA. Steroid controversy in sepsis and septic shock: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 1995; 23(7): 1294–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Levy B, et al. Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone. Crit Care Med 1998; 26(4): 645–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsythe SM, Schmidt GA. Sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of lactic acidosis. Chest 2000; 117(1): 260–7
   Google Scholar
• Preiser JC, Lejeune P, Roman A, et al. Methylene blue administration in septic shock: a clinical trial. Crit Care Med 1995; 23(2): 259–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andresen M, Dougnac A, Diaz O, et al. Use of methylene blue in patients with refractory septic shock: impact on hemodynamics and gas exchange. J Crit Care 1998; 13(4): 164–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peters WP, Johnson MW, Friedman PA, et al. Pressor effect of naloxone in septic shock. Lancet 1981; 1(8219): 529–32
   Google Scholar
• Holaday JW, Faden AI. Naloxone reversal of endotoxin hypotension suggests role of endorphins in shock. Nature 1978; 275(5679): 450–1
   Google Scholar
• Boeuf B, Gauvin F, Guerguerian AM, et al. Therapy of shock with naloxone: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 1998; 26(11): 1910–6
   Google Scholar
• Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(10): 699–709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar