ACE inhibitors and target organ protection

References

• American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2004 update. Dallas: American Heart Association, 2003. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1928. Accessed Jun 8, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Lonn E, Roccaforte R, Yi Q, et al. Effect of long-term therapy with ramipril in high-risk women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40(4): 693–702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators. Lancet 2000; 355(9200): 253–9 [Erratum, Lancet 2000; 356(9232): 860]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (Suppl 1): S15–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mann JF, Gerstein HC, Yi Q, et al. Progression of renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetes with and without microalbuminuria: results of the Heart Outcomes and Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) randomized study. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42(5): 936–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearson TA, Blair SN, Daniels SR, et al. AHA guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke: 2002 update. Consensus panel guide to comprehensive risk reduction for adult patients without coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular diseases. American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. Circulation 2002; 106(3): 388–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) Express. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/hypertension/jncintro.htm. Accessed Jun 8, 2004
   Google Scholar
• National Cholesterol Education Program. Third report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/index.htm. Accessed Jun 8, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002; 324(7329): 71–86 [Erratum, BMJ 2002: 324(7330): 141]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simes RJ. Prospective meta-analysis of cholesterol-lowering studies: the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling (PPP) Project and the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CTT) Collaboration. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76(9): 122C-6C
   Google Scholar
• Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 1998; 279(20): 1615–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344 (8934): 1383–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360(9326): 7–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman JN, Kirby P, Caulfield MC, et al; Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. Cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of 30,000 high-risk men and women in the UK: cross-sectional, retrospective and prospective studies of screenees for the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT). J Hum Hypertens 2001; 15(Suppl 1): S23–6
   Google Scholar
• Vrecer M, Turk S, Drinovec J, et al. Use of statins in primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke: metaanalysis of randomized trials. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003; 41(12): 567–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(3): 145–53 [Errata, N Engl J Med 2000; 342(18): 1376 and 2000; 342(10): 748]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown NJ, Agirbasli MA, Williams GH, et al. Effect of activation and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system on plasma PAI-1. Hypertension 1998; 32(6): 965–71
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnier M. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers. Circulation 2001; 103(6): 904–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Givertz MM. Manipulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Circulation 2001; 104(5): e14–8
   Google Scholar
• Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Remuzzi G; Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia. ACE inhibitors to prevent end-stage renal disease: when to start and why possibly never to stop. A post hoc analysis of the REIN trial results. Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12(12): 2832–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzing T, Fleming I, Blaukat A, et al. Angiotensin-Converting enzyme inhibitor ramiprilat interferes with the sequestration of the B2 kinin receptor within the plasma membrane of native endothelial cells. Circulation 1999; 99(15): 2034–40
   Google Scholar
• Lonn E, Gerstein HC, Smieja M, et al. Mechanisms of cardiovascular risk reduction with ramipril: insights from HOPE and HOPE substudies. Eur Heart J 2003; 5(Suppl E): A43–8
   Google Scholar
• Lonn E, Yusuf S, Dzavik V, et al; SECURE Investigators. Effects of ramipril and vitamin E on atherosclerosis: the study to evaluate carotid ultrasound changes in patients treated with ramipril and vitamin E (SECURE). Circulation 2001; 103(7): 919–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch J, Yusuf S, Pogue J, et al; HOPE Investigators. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation. Use of ramipril in preventing stroke: double blind randomised trial. BMJ 2002; 324(7339): 699–702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold JM, Yusuf S, Young J, et al; HOPE Investigators. Prevention of heart failure in patients in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study. Circulation 2003; 107(9): 1284–90
   Google Scholar
• Lonn E, Mathew J, Pogue J, et al; Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Relationship of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy to mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in high-risk patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2003; 10(6): 420–8
   Google Scholar
• Bosch J, Probstfield J. Beneficial effects of ramipril on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients older than 75 years of age: secondary outcomes from the HOPE trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41(Suppl A): 154A
   Google Scholar
• PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001; 358(9287): 1033–41 [Errata, Lancet 2001; 358(9292): 1556 and 2002; 359(9323): 2120]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing LM, Reid CM, Ryan P, et al; Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Group. A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(7): 583–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, et al; African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Study Group. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA 2002; 288(19): 2421–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, et al; INVEST Investigators. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290(21): 2805–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002; 288(23): 2981–97 [Errata, JAMA 2003; 289(2): 178 and 2004; 291(18): 2196]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. Effect of Captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992; 327(10): 669–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333(25): 1670–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch J. Extended follow-up of the ramipril component of the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation—The Ongoing Outcomes (HOPE-TOO). Presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress, Aug 30-Sep 3, 2003, Vienna
   Google Scholar
• Lamy A, Yusuf S, Pogue J, et al; Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Investigators. Cost implications of the use of ramipril in high-risk patients based on the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study. Circulation 2003; 107(7): 960–5
   Google Scholar