Review of Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis and Management

References

• Herrick JB. Clinical features of sudden obstruction of the coronary arteries. JAMA. 1912; 59: 2015–2019.
   Google Scholar
• Gossl M, Versari D, Hildebrandt H, et al. Vulnerable plaque: detection and management. Med Clin North Am. 2007; 91 (4): 573–601.
   Google Scholar
• Nawar EW, Niska RW, Xu J. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2005 emergency department summary. Adv Data. 2007; (386): 1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Gianni M, Dentali F, Grandi AM, Sumner G, Hiralal R, Lonn E. Apical ballooning syndrome or takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27(13): 1523–1529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swap CJ, Nagumey JT. Value and limitations of chest pain history in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2005; 294(20): 2623–2629.
   Google Scholar
• Canto JG, Shlipak MG, Rogers WJ, et al. Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and mortality among patients with myocardial infarction presenting without chest pain. JAMA. 2000; 283(24): 3223–3229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD, et al. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2007; 116(22): 2634–2653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Channer K, Morris F. ABC of clinical electrocardiography: Myocardial ischaemia. BMJ. 2002; 324(7344): 1023–1026.
   Google Scholar
• Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Barbagelata A, et al. Electrocardiographic diagnosis of evolving acute myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block. GUSTO-1 (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries) Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334(8): 481–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K., Asinger RW, Marriott HJ. ST-segment elevation in conditions other than acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349(22): 2128–2135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-Elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 50(7): el–el57.
   Google Scholar
• Nagajothi N, Trivedi A. Biomarkers in acute cardiac disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48(11): 2358–2359.
   Google Scholar
• Giugliano RP, Braunwald E. The year in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46(5): 906–919.
   Google Scholar
• Schuijf JD, Jukema JW, Van Der Wall EE, Bax JJ. Multi-slice computed tomography in the evaluation of patients with acute chest pain. Acute Cardiac Care. 2007; 9(4): 214–221.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poon M. Technology insight: cardiac CT angiography. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006; 3(5): 265–275.
   Google Scholar
• Boersma E, Pieper KS, Steyerberg EW, et al. Predictors of outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST-segment elevation. Results from an international trial of 9461 patients. The PURSUIT Investigators. Circulation. 2000; 101(22): 2557–2567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, et al. Predictors of hospital mortality in the global registry of acute coronary events. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163(19): 2345–2353.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sabatine MS, Antman EM. The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk score in unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41(4 Suppl S): 89S–95S.
   Google Scholar
• Yan AT, Yan RT, Tan M, et al. Risk scores for risk stratification in acute coronary syndromes: useful but simpler is not necessarily better. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28(9): 1072–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Rassi AN, Bhatt DL, Askari AT. Benefit of early invasive therapy in acute coronary syndromes, a meta-analysis of contemporary randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48: 1319–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy SA, Cannon CP, Wiviott SD, et al. Effect of intensive lipid-lowering therapy on mortality after acute coronary syndrome (a patientlevel analysis of the Aggrastat to Zocor and Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 trials). Am J Cardiol. 2007; 100(7): 1047–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina: the CAPTURE Study. Lancet. 1997; 349(9063): 1429–1435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. FAHAACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction-executive xummary. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44(3): 671–719.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002; 106: 3143–3421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003; 289(19): 2560–2572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AHA; ACC; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, et al. AHA/ ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47(10): 2130–2139.
   Google Scholar
• American Heart Association Nutrition Committee; Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, et al. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006; 114(1): 82–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, et al. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation. 2003; 107(24): 3109–3116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson PD. Exercise prescription and proscription for patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2005; 112(15): 2354–2363.
   Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK. Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effects of Clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345(7): 494–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, et al; Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Study Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001; 285(13): 1711–1718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svilaas T, Vlaar PJ, van der Horst IC, et al. Thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358(6): 557–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar