172
Views
76
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Obesity Paradox: Impact of Obesity on the Prevalence and Prognosis of Cardiovascular Diseases

, MD, MPH, , MD, , MD & , MD
Pages 34-41 | Published online: 30 Jun 2015

References

  • Manson JE, Bassuk SS. Obesity in the United States: a fresh look at its high toll. JAMA. 2003; 289(2): 229–230.
  • World Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis, and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications: Report of U WHO Consultation. Geneva: WHO; 1999.
  • Flegal JN, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 199–2000. JAMA. 2002; 288(14): 1723–1727.
  • Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Campbell SM, Johnson CI. Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. JAMA. 1994; 272(3): 205–211.
  • National Institutes of Health. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults-the evidence report. Obes Res. 1998; (supp1 2): 51S–209S.
  • Krauss RM, Winston M, Fletcher RN, Grundy SM. Obesity: impact on cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 1998; 98(14): 1472–1476.
  • Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Messerli FH. Obesity and the heart: an ever growing problem. South Med J. 2003; 96(6): 535–536.
  • Messerli FH. Cardiovascular effects of obesity and hypertension. Lancet. 1982; 1(8282): 1165–1168.
  • Lavie CJ, Messerli FH. Cardiovascular adaptation to obesity and hypertension. Chest. 1986; 90(2): 275–279.
  • Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation, exercise training, and weight reduction on exercise capacity, coronary risk factors, behavioral characteristics, and quality of life in obese coronary patients. Am J Cardiol. 1997; 79(4): 397–401.
  • Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training in obese patients with coronary artery disease. Chest. 1996; 109(1): 52–56.
  • Stamler R, Ford CE, Stamler J. Why do lean hypertensives have higher mortality rates than other hypertensives? Findings of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. Hypertension. 1991; 17(4): 553–564.
  • Uretsky S, Messerli FH, Bangalore S, et al. Obesity paradox in patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease. Am J Med. 2007; 120(10): 863–870.
  • Wassertheil-Smoller S, Fann C, Allman RM, et al. Relation of low body mass to death and stroke in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. The SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160(14): 494–500.
  • Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Obesity, heart disease, and favorable prognosis-truth or paradox? Am J Med. 2007; 120(10): 825–826.
  • Artham SM, Lavie CJ, Milani RV, et al. The obesity paradox and discrepancy between peak oxygen consumption and heart failure prognosis-it's all in the fat. Congest Heart Fail. 2007; 13(3): 177–180.
  • Lavie CJ, Mehra MR, Milani RV. Obesity and heart failure prognosis: paradox or reverse epidemiology? Eur Heart J. 2005; 26(1): 5–7.
  • Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: the hippocrates paradox? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42(4): 677–679.
  • Lavie CJ, Osman AF, Milani RV. Body composition and prognosis in chronic systolic heart failure: the obesity paradox. Am J Cardiol. 2003; 91(7): 891–894.
  • Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Mehra MR, Ventura HO, Messerli FH. Obesity, weight reduction and survival in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39(9): 1563.
  • Artham SM, Ventura HO. The “obesity paradox” and heart failure: the story continues. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2007; 60(11): 1113–1117.
  • Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD. Obesity paradox in patients on maintenance dialysis. Contrib Nephrol. 2006; 151: 57–69.
  • Gruberg L, Mercado N, Milo S; Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study Investigators. Impact of body mass index on the outcome of patients with multi vessel disease randomized to either coronary artery bypass grafting or stenting in the ARTS trial: The obesity paradox II? Am J Cardiol. 2005; 95(4): 439–44.
  • Stevens J, Cai J, Pamuk ER, Williamson DF, Thun MJ, Wood JL. The effect of age on the association between body-mass index and mortality. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338(1): 1–7.
  • Thiebaut R, Malvy D, Marimoutou C, Davis F. Anthropometric indices as predictors of survival in AIDS adults. Aquitaine Cohort, France, 1985–1997. Groupe d'Epidé miologie Clinique du Sida en Aquitaine (GECSA). Eur J Epidemiol. 2000; 16(7): 633–639.
  • Morley JE, Thomas DR, Wilson MM. Cachexia: pathophysiology and clinical relevance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83(4): 735–743.
  • Kovesdy CP, Anderson JE, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Paradoxical association between body mass index and mortality in men with CKD not yet on dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007; 49(5): 581–591.
  • Kalantar-Zadeh K, Abbott KC, Salahudeen AK, et al. Survival advantages of obesity in dialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 81(3): 543–554.
  • Horwich TB, Fonarow GC. Reverse epidemiology beyond dialysis patients: chronic heart failure, geriatrics, rheumatoid arthritis, COPD, and AIDS. Semin Dial. 2007; 20(6): 549–553.
  • Escalante A, Haas RW, del Rincón I. Paradoxical effect of body mass index on survival in rheumatoid arthritis: role of comorbidity and systemic inflammation. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165(14): 1624–1629.
  • Landbo C, Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J, Almdal TP. Prognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160(6): 1856–1861.
  • Lavie CJ, Ventura HO, Messerli FH. Hypertension, obesity, left ventricular hypertrophy, complex ventricular ectopic activity, and increased risk for sudden death: Review of Ochsner Studies and the literature. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 1993; 13: 264–270.
  • Messerli F, Nunez B, Ventura HO, et al. Overweight and sudden death. Increased ventricular ectopy in cardiomyopathy of obesity. Arch Intern Med. 1987; 147(10): 1725–1728.
  • Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW Jr. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341(15): 1097–1105.
  • Jee SH, Sull JW, Park J, et al. Body-mass index and mortality in Korean men and women. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355(8): 779–787.
  • US Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General; 2001.
  • Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, et al. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21 st century. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352(11): 1138–1145.
  • Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79(3): 379–384.
  • Zhang C, Rexrode KM, van Dam RM, et al. Abdominal obesity and the risk of all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: 16 years of follow-up in US Women. Circulation. 2008; 117(13): 1658–1667.
  • Field AE, Coakley EH, Must A, et al. Impact of overweight on the risk of developing common chronic diseases during a 10-year period. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161 (13): 1581–1586.
  • Lavie CJ, Ventura HO, Messerli FH. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Its relationship to obesity and hypertension. Postgrad Med. 1992; 91(7): 131–143.
  • Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Messerli FH. From obesity, hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy to heart failure. The Ochsner Journal. 2000; 2(supp1): s8–s14.
  • Lavie CJ, Amodeo C, Ventura HO, et al. Left atrial abnormalities indicating diastolic ventricular dysfunction in cardiopathy of obesity. Chest. 1987; 92(6): 1042–1046.
  • Tuomilehto J. Body mass index and prognosis m elderly hypertensive patients: a report from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Am J Med. 1991; 90(3A): 34S–41S.
  • Kenchiah S, Evans JC, Levy D, et al. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347(5): 305–313.
  • He J, Ogden LG, Bazzano LA, et al. Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161(7): 996–1002.
  • Horwich TB, Fonarow GC, Hamilton MA, et al. The relationship between obesity and mortality in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38(3): 789–795.
  • Curtis JP, Selter JG, Wang Y, et al. The obesity paradox: body mass index and outcomes in patients with heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165(1): 55–61.
  • Gustafsson F, Kragelund CB, Torp-Pedersen C, et al; DIAMOND Study Group. Effect of obesity and being overweight on long-term mortality in congestive heart failure: influence of left ventricular systolic function. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26(1): 58–64.
  • Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Artham SM, et al. Does body composition impact survival in patients with advanced heart failure. Circulation. 2007; 116(16): 11–360.
  • Pi-Sunyer FX. The obesity epidemic: pathophysiology and consequences of obesity. Obes Res. 2002; 10(supp1 2): 97–104.
  • Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Artham SM. Combating the obesity paradox—Benefits and safety of purposeful weight loss in overweight and obese coronary patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51(10): A367.
  • Romero-Corral A, Molitori VM, Somers VK, et al. Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies. Lancet. 2006; 368(9536): 666–678.
  • Buettner HJ, Mueller C, Gick M, et al. The impact of obesity on mortality in UA/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28(14): 1694–1701.
  • Ottervanger JP, Armstrong P, Bamathan F.S; GUSTO IV-ACS Investigators. Long-term results after the glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa inhibitor abciximab in unstable angina: one-year survival in the GUSTO IV-ACS (Global Use of Strategies To Open Occluded Coronary Arteries IV-Acute Coronary Syndrome) Trial. Circulation. 2003; 107(3): 437–442.
  • Minutello RM, Chou ET, Hong MK, et al. Impact of body mass index on in-hospital outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention (report from the New York State Angioplasty Registry). Am J Cardiol. 2004; 93(10): 1229–1232.
  • Gurm HS, Whitlow PL. Kip KE; BARI Investigators. The impact of body mass index on short- and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing coronary revascularization. Insights from the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation (B ARI). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39(5): 834–840.
  • Gurm HS, Brennan DM, Booth J, et al. Impact of body mass index on outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention (the obesity paradox). Am J Cardiol. 2002; 90(1): 42–45.
  • Gruberg L, Weissman NJ, Waksman R, et al. The impact of obesity on the short-term and long-term outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: the obesity paradox? J Am Col Cardiol. 2002; 39(4): 578–584.
  • Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Disparate effects of left ventricular geometry and obesity on mortality in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 100(9): 1460–1464.
  • Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Patel D, Artham SM. Disparate effects of obesity and left ventricular geometry on mortality in 8,088 elderly with preserved systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 5 L (10): A107.
  • Mehra MR, Uber PA, Park MH, et al. Obesity and suppressed B-type natriuretic peptide levels in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43(9): 1590–1595.
  • Kalantar-Zadeh K, Block G, Horwich T, Fonarow GC. Reverse epidemiology of conventional cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43(8): 1439–1444.
  • Feldman AM, Combes A, Wagner D, et al. The role of tumor necrosis factor in the pathophysiology of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35(3): 537–544.
  • Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Bulmer K, Holly JM, Yudkin JS, Cop- pack SW. Production of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors by human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo. Am J Physiol 1999; 277(6 Pt 1): E971–E975.
  • Alpert MA, Terry BE, Mulekar M, et al. Cardiac morphology and left ventricular function in normotensive morbidly obese patients with and without congestive heart failure, and effect of weight loss. Am J Cardiol. 1997; 80(6): 736–740.
  • MacMahon S, Collins G, Rautaharju P, et al. Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and effects of antihypertensive drug therapy in hypertensive participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am J Cardiol. 1989; 63(3): 202–210.
  • Eilat-Adar S, Eldar M, Goldbourt U. Association of intentional changes in body weight with coronary heart disease event rates in overweight subjects who have an additional coronary risk factor. Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 161 (4): 352–358.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.