References
- National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 39: (2 suppl 1): S1–S266.
- Davison AM. Renal disease in the elderly. Nephron. 1998; 80(1): 6–16.
- Jungers P, Chauveau P, Descamps-Latscha B, et al. Age and gender-related incidence of chronic renal failure in a French urban area: a prospective epidemiologic study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996; 11(8): 1542–1546.
- Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003; 41(1): 1–12.
- Xue JL, Ma JZ, Louis TA, et al. Forecast of the number of patients with end-stage renal disease in the United States to the year 2010. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001; 12(12): 2753–2758.
- UK Renal Registry. UK Renal Registry Report 2007. www.renalreg.com. Accessed October 24, 2008.
- Krishnan M, Lok CE, Jassal SV. Epidemiology and demographic aspects of treated end-stage renal disease in the elderly. Semin Dial. 2002; 15(2): 79–83.
- Lindeman RD, Tobin J, Shock NW. Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985; 33(4): 278–285.
- Abreu PF, Ramos LR, Sesso R. Abnormalities of renal function in the elderly. Geriatr Nephrol Urol. 1999; 9(3): 141–145.
- Henry RM, Kostense P, Bos G, et al. Mild renal insufficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality: The Hoorn Study. Kidney Int. 2002; 62(4): 1402.
- Tonelli M, Jose P, Curhan G, Sacks F, Braunwald E, Pfeffer M; Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial Investigators. Proteinuria, impaired kidney function, and adverse outcomes in people with coronary disease: analysis of a previously conducted randomised trial. BMJ. 2006; 332(7555): 1426.
- Kurella M, Chertow GM, Fried LF, et al. Chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairment in the elderly: the health, aging, and body composition study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16(7): 2127–2133.
- Fried LF, Lee JS, Shlipak M, et al. Chronic kidney disease and functional limitation in older people: health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006; 54(5): 750–756.
- Ensrud KE, Lui LY, Taylor BC, et al; Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Renal function and risk of hip and vertebral fractures in older women. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(2): 133–139.
- Prakash J, Saxena RK, Sharma OP, Usha. Spectrum of renal diseases in the elderly: single center experience from a developing country. Int Urol Nephrol. 2001; 33(2): 227–233.
- Arora P, Mustafa RA, Karam J, et al. Care of elderly patients with chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol. 2006; 38: 363–370.
- Selvarajah V, Isles C. End-stage renal disease in the very elderly. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2007; 37: 141–146.
- United States Renal Data System. USRDS 2003 Annual Data Report: Atlas of end stage renal disease in the United States. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2003.
- Drey N, Roderick P, Mullee M, et al. A population-based study of the incidence and outcomes of diagnosed chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003; 42(4): 667–684.
- Swedko PJ, Clark HD, Paramsothy K, et al. Serum creatinine is an inadequate screening test for renal failure in elderly patients. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163(3): 356–360.
- Martin A, Mellotte G, O'Neill D. Chronic kidney disease in the elderly; a silent epidemic. Irish Med J. 2005; 98(2): 46–47.
- Ouseph R, Hendricks P, Hollon JA, Bhimani BD, Lederer ED. Under-recognition of chronic kidney disease in elderly outpatients. Clin Nephrol. 2007; 68(6): 373–378.
- Quartarolo JM, Thoelke M, Schafers SJ. Reporting of estimated glomerular filtration rate: effect on physician recognition of chronic kidney disease and prescribing practices for elderly hospitalized patients. J Hosp Med. 2007; 2(2): 74–78.
- Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, et al. National Kidney Foundation Practice Guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 139(2): 137–147.
- Hallan S, Astor B, Lydersen S. Estimating glomerular filtration rate in the general population: the second Health Survey of Nord-Trondelag (HUNT II). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006; 21(6): 1525–1533.
- Lamb EJ, Webb MC, Simpson DE, et al. Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in older patients with chronic renal insufficiency: Is the modification of diet in renal disease formula an improvement? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51(7): 1012–1017.
- Rigalleau V, Lasseur C, Raffaitin C, et al. Diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in elderly subjects with diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006; 54(6): 1007–1008.
- Grubb AO. Cystatin C—properties and use as diagnostic marker. Adv Clin Chem. 2000; 35: 63–99.
- Shlipak MG, Sarnak MJ, Katz R, et al. Cystatin C and the risk of death and cardiovascular events among elderly persons. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352(20): 2049–2060.
- Hoek FJ, Kemperman FA, Krediet RT. A comparison between cystatin C, plasma creatinine and the Cockcroft and Gault formula for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003; 18(10): 2024–2031.
- Hemmelgarn BR, Zhang J, Manns BJ, et al. Progression of kidney dysfunction in the community-dwelling elderly. Kidney Int. 2006; 69(12): 2155–2161.
- Young JH, Klag MJ, Muntner P, Whyte JL, Pahor M, Coresh J. Blood pressure and decline in kidney function: findings from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002; 13(11): 2776–2782.
- Bleyer AJ, Shemanski LR, Burke GL, et al. Tobacco, hypertension, and vascular disease: risk factors for renal functional decline in an older population. Kidney Int. 2000; 57(5): 2072–2079.
- Keith DS, Nichols GA, Gullion CM, Brown JB, Smith DH. Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization. Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164(6): 659–663.
- O'Hare AM, Choi AI, Bertenthal D, et al. Age affects outcomes in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007; 18(10): 2758–2765.
- Hallan SI, Dahl K, Oien CM, et al. Screening strategies for chronic kidney disease in the general population: follow-up of cross sectional health survey. BMJ. 2006; 333(7577): 1047–1053.
- Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003; 289(19): 2560–2572.
- Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G, Gaspari F, Benini R, Remuzzi G. Renal function and requirement for dialysis in chronic nephropathy patients on long-term ramipril: REIN follow-up trial. Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia (GISEN). Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy. Lancet. 1998; 352(9136): 1252–1256.
- Siebenhofer A, Plank J, Horvath K, et al. Angiotensin receptor blockers as anti-hypertensive treatment for patients with diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis of controlled double-blind randomised trials. Diabet Med. 2004; 21(1): 18–25.
- Mogensen CE, Neldam S, Tikkanen I, et al. Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and non-insulin dependent diabetes: the candesartan and lisinopril microalbuminuria (CALM) study. BMJ. 2000; 321(7274): 1440–1444.
- Palmer BF. Renal dysfunction complicating the treatment of hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347(16): 1256–1261.
- Martin U, Coleman JJ. Monitoring renal function in hypertension BMJ. 2006; 333(7574): 896–899.
- Mulec H, Blohme G, Grande B, Björck S. The effect of metabolic control on rate of decline in renal function in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with overt nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998; 13(3): 651–655.
- Fried LF, Orchard TJ, Kasiske BL. Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: a meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2001; 59(1): 260–269.
- Jurkovitz CT, Abramson JL, Vaccarino LV, Weintraub WS, McClellan WM. Association of high serum creatinine and anemia increases the risk of coronary events: results from the prospective community-based atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; 14(11): 2919–2925.
- Portales J, Torralbo A, Martin P, Rodrigo J, Herrero JA, Barrientos A. Cardiovascular effects of recombinant human erythropoietin in predialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997; 29(4): 541–548.
- Lefebvre P, Duh MS, Buteau S, et al. Medical costs of untreated anemia in elderly patients with predialysis chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006; 17(12): 3497–3502.
- Fink J, Blahut S, Reddy M, Light P. Use of erythropoietin before the initiation of dialysis and its impact on mortality. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001; 37(2): 348–355.
- Ho LT, Sprague SM. Renal osteodystrophy in chronic renal failure. Semin Nephrol. 2002; 22(6): 488–93.
- Hemmelgarn BR, Manns BJ, Zhang J, et al. Association between multidisciplinary care and survival for elderly patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007; 18(3): 993–999.
- Winkelmayer WC, Glynn RJ, Levin R, Owen WF Jr, Avom J. Determinants of delayed nephrologist referral in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001; 38(6): 1178–1184.
- John R, Webb M, Young A, Stevens PE. Unreferred chronic kidney disease: a longitudinal study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004; 43(5): 825–835.
- Pisoni RL, Young EW, Dykstra DM, et al. Vascular access use in Europe and the United States: results from the DOPPS. Kidney Int. 2002; 61(1): 305–316.
- Rayner HC, Besarab A, Brown WW, et al. Vascular access results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS): performance against Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) Clinical Practice Guidelines. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004; 44(5 suppl 3): 22–26.
- Joly D, Anglicheau D, Alberti C, et al. Octogenarians reaching end-stage renal disease: cohort study of decision-making and clinical outcomes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; 14(4): 1012–1021.
- Murtagh FE, Marsh JE, Donohoe P, Ekbal NJ, Sheerin NS, Harris FE. Dialysis or not? A comparative survival study of patients over 75 years with chronic kidney disease stage 5. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007; 22(7): 1955–1962.
- Kurella M, Covinsky KE, Collins AJ, Chertow GM. Octogenarians and nonagenarians starting dialysis in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146(3): 177–183.
- Rao PS, Merion RM, Ashby VB, Port FK, Wolfe RA, Kayler LK. Renal transplantation in elderly patients older than 70 years of age: results from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Transplantation. 2007; 83(8): 1069–1074.
- Brunori G, Viola BF, Parrinello G, et al. Efficacy and safety of a very-low-protein diet when postponing dialysis in the elderly: A prospective randomized multicenter controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007; 49(5): 569–580.
- Renal Physicians Association and American Society of Nephrology Clinical Practice Guideline. Shared Decision-Making in the Appropriate Initiation and Withdrawal from Dialysis. Report No. 2. Washington, DC; 2000.
- Li M, Porter E, Lam R, Jassal SV. Quality improvement through the introduction of interdisciplinary geriatric hemodialysis rehabilitation care. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007; 50(1): 90–97.
- Hackett AS, Watnick SG. Withdrawal from dialysis in end-stage renal disease: medical, social, and psychological issues. Semin Dial. 2007; 20(1): 86–90.
- Kuczewski MG. Our cultures, our selves: toward an honest dialogue on race and end of life decisions. Am J Bioeth. 2006; 6(5): 13–17.