Angiotensin Receptor Blocker and Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker Combinations: An Emerging Strategy in Hypertension Therapy

References

• . Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A; International Society of Hypertension. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1513–1518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Beaglehole R, Yach D. Globalisation and the prevention and control of non-communicable disease: the neglected chronic diseases of adults. Lancet. 2003;362(9387):903–908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR,; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003; 289(19):2560–2572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A,; Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension; European Society of Cardiology. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2007; 25(6):1105–1187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1903–1913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG,. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet. 1998;351(9118):1755–1762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Turnbull F; Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2003; 362(9395):1527–1535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Turnbull F, Neal B, Algert C,; Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165(12):1410–1419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Turnbull F, Neal B, Pfeffer M,. Blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens. 2007;25(5):951–958
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Turnbull F, Neal B, Ninomiya T,. Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger adults: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2008;336(7653):1121–1123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ingelsson E, Gona P, Larson MG,. Altered blood pressure progression in the community and its relation to clinical events. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(13):1450–1457
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Williams B, Lindholm LH, Sever P. Systolic pressure is all that matters. Lancet. 2008;371(9631):2219–2221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mancia G, Grassi G. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure control in antihypertensive drug trials. J Hypertens. 2002;20(8):1461–1464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nash DT. Systolic hypertension. Geriatrics. 2006;61(12):22–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Waeber B, Mourad JJ. Targeting systolic blood pressure: the key to controlling combined systolic/diastolic hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19(9):985–986
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE,; LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002; 359(9311):995–1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA. 1991;265(24):3255–3264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR,; ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366(9489):895–906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cushman WC, Ford CE, Cutler JA,; ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Success and predictors of blood pressure control in diverse North American settings: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2002; 4(6):393–404
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kohlmann O Jr, Oigman W, Mion D Jr,. [The “LOTHAR” study: evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan in the treatment of essential hypertension]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;86(1):39–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Philipp T, Smith TR, Glazer R,. Two multicenter, 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of amlodipine and valsartan in combination and as monotherapy in adult patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Clin Ther. 2007;29(4):563–580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chrysant SG, Melino M, Karki S, Lee J, Heyrman R. The combination of olmesartan medoxomil and amlodipine besylate in controlling high blood pressure: COACH, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week factorial efficacy and safety study. Clin Ther. 2008;30(4):587–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lee VC, Rhew DC, Dylan M, Badamgarav E, Braunstein GD, Weingarten SR. Meta-analysis: angiotensin-receptor blockers in chronic heart failure and high-risk acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(9):693–704
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Balamuthusamy S, Srinivasan L, Verma M,. Renin angiotensin system blockade and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and proteinuria: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2008;155(5):791–805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Strippoli GF, Bonifati C, Craig M, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists for preventing the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(4):CD006257
   Google Scholar
• . Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A,; MOSES Study Group. Morbidity and Mortality After Stroke, Eprosartan Compared with Nitrendipine for Secondary Prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke. 2005; 36(6):1218–1226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL,; PRoFESS Study Group. Telimisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359(12):1225–1237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . ONTARGET Investigators; Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J,. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(15):1547–1559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L. Cardiovascular prevention and blood pressure reduction: a quantitative overview updated until 1 March 2003. J Hypertens. 2003;21(6):1055–1076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kizer JR, Dahlöf B, Kjeldsen SE,. Stroke reduction in hypertensive adults with cardiac hypertrophy randomized to losartan versus atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study. Hypertension. 2005;45(1):46–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB,; LIFE (Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction) Study Group. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA. 2002; 288(12):1491–1498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Julius S, Alderman MH, Beevers G,. Cardiovascular risk reduction in hypertensive black patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(6):1047–1055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bang LE, Wiinberg N, Wachtell K,. Losartan versus atenolol on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. A LIFE substudy. Blood Press. 2007;16(6):392–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M,; VALUE trial group. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet. 2004; 363(9426):2022–2031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I,; SCOPE Study Group. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens. 2003; 21(5):875–886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Trenkwalder P. The Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE)—recent analyses. J Hypertens Suppl. 2006;24(1):S107-–S114
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Thone-Reineke C, Steckelings UM, Unger T. Angiotensin receptor blockers and cerebral protection in stroke. J Hypertens Suppl. 2006;24(1):S115-–S121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Papademetriou V, Farsang C, Elmfeldt D,; Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly study group. Stroke prevention with the angiotensin II type 1-receptor blocker candesartan in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension: the Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44(6):1175–1180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Smith RD, Yokoyama H, Averill DB,. The protective effects of angiotensin II blockade with olmesartan medoxomil on resistance vessel remodeling (The VIOS study): rationale and baseline characteristics. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2006;6(5):335–342
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Smith RD, Yokoyama H, Averill DB, Schiffrin EL, Ferrario CM. Reversal of vascular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients through blockade of angiotensin II receptors. J Am Soc Hypert. 2008;2(3):165–172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Julius S, Nesbitt SD, Egan BM,; Trial of Preventing Hypertension (TROPHY) Study Investigators. Feasibility of treating prehypertension with an angiotensin-receptor blocker. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354(16):1685–1697
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Messerli FH. The sudden demise of dual renin-angiotensin system blockade or the soft science of the surrogate end point. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(6):468–470
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Yusuf S, Teo K, Anderson C,. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9644):1174–1183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L,. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet. 1997;350(9080):757–764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A,. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet. 2000;356(9227):366–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Epstein BJ, Vogel K, Palmer BF. Dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists in the management of hypertension. Drugs. 2007;67(9):1309–1327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR,. Rationale, design, methods and baseline demography of participants of the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. ASCOT investigators. J Hypertens. 2001;19(6):1139–1147
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Poulter NR, Wedel H, Dahlof B,. Role of blood pressure and other variables in the differential cardiovascular event rates noted in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA). Lancet. 2005;366(9489):907–913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Morgan T, Lauri J, Bertram D, Anderson A. Effect of different antihypertensive drug classes on central aortic pressure. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17(2):118–123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Williams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM,; CAFE Investigators; Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial Investigators; CAFE Steering Committee and Writing Committee. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study. Circulation. 2006; 113(9):1213–1225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P,; CAMELOT Investigators. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 292(18):2217–2225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL,; ACCOMPLISH Trial Investigators. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359(23):2417–2428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bangalore S, Kamalakkannan G, Parkar S, Messerli FH. Fixed-dose combinations improve medication compliance: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2007;120(8):713–719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dickson M, Plauschinat CA. Compliance with antihypertensive therapy in the elderly: a comparison of fixed-dose combination amlodipine/benazepril versus component-based free-combination therapy. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2008;8(1):45–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ. 2003;326(7404):1427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rabbani A, Alexander GC. Out-of-pocket and total costs of fixed-dose combination antihypertensives and their components. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(5):509–513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Saleh SS, Szebenyi S, Carter JA, Zacher C, Belletti D. Patterns and associated health services costs of antihypertensive drug modifications. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2008;10(1):43–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Smith TR, Philipp T, Vaisse B,. Amlodipine and valsartan combined and as monotherapy in stage 2, elderly, and black hypertensive patients: subgroup analyses of 2 randomized, placebo-controlled studies. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007;9(5):355–364
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Weir MR, Levy D, Crikelair N, Rocha R, Meng X, Glazer R. Time to achieve blood-pressure goal: influence of dose of valsartan monotherapy and valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20(7):807–815
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Brewster UC, Setaro JF, Perazella MA. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: cardiorenal effects and implications for renal and cardiovascular disease states. Am J Med Sci. 2003;326(1):15–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Burnier M. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers. Circulation. 2001;103(6):904–912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Casas JP, Chua W, Loukogeorgakis S,. Effect of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2005;366(9502):2026–2033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Staessen JA, Li Y, Thijs L, Wang JG. Blood pressure reduction and cardiovascular prevention: an update including the 2003–2004 secondary prevention trials. Hypertens Res. 2005;28(5):385–407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Smith DH. Comparison of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of essential hypertension. Drugs. 2008;68(9):1207–1225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Fliser D, Buchholz K, Haller H; EUropean Trial on Olmesartan and Pravastatin in Inflammation and Atherosclerosis (EUTOPIA) Investigators. Antiinflammatory effects of angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor blockade in hypertensive patients with microinflammation. Circulation. 2004; 110(9):1103–1107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Koh KK, Ahn JY, Han SH,. Pleiotropic effects of angiotensin II receptor blocker in hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(5):905–910
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Koh KK, Han SH, Chung WJ,. Comparison of effects of losartan, irbesartan, and candesartan on flow-mediated brachial artery dilation and on inflammatory and thrombolytic markers in patients with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93(11):1432-–1435, A10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rahman ST, Lauten WB, Khan QA, Navalkar S, Parthasarathy S, Khan BV. Effects of eprosartan versus hydrochlorothiazide on markers of vascular oxidation and inflammation and blood pressure (renin-angiotensin system antagonists, oxidation, and inflammation). Am J Cardiol. 2002;89(6):686–690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Neland K,. Losartan but not atenolol reduce carotid artery hypertrophy in essential hypertension. A LIFE substudy. Blood Press. 2005;14(3):177–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mortsell D, Malmqvist K, Held C, Kahan T. Irbesartan reduces common carotid artery intima-media thickness in hypertensive patients when compared with atenolol: the Swedish Irbesartan Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Investigation versus Atenolol (SILVHIA) study. J Intern Med. 2007;261(5):472–479
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Stumpe KO, Agabiti-Rosei E, Zielinski T,; MORE study investigators. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque volume changes following 2-year angiotensin II-receptor blockade. The Multicentre Olmesartan atherosclerosis Regression Evaluation (MORE) study. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2007; 1(2):97–106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Weir MR, Izzo JL Jr. Calcium Antagonists. In: Izzo JL Jr, Black HR, ed. Hypertension Primer: The Essentials of High Blood Pressure. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2003;433–437
   Google Scholar
• . Krum H. Critical assessment of calcium antagonists. Aust Fam Physician. 1997;26(7):841–845, 847–848
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Messerli FH. Evolution of calcium antagonists: past, present, and future. Clin Cardiol. 2003;26(2 suppl 2):II12–II16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Liebson PR. Calcium channel blockers in the spectrum of antihypertensive agents. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006;7(17):2385–2401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Abernethy DR, Schwartz JB. Calcium-antagonist drugs. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(19):1447–1457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Basile J. The role of existing and newer calcium channel blockers in the treatment of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004;6(11):621–629
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wang JG, Staessen JA, Li Y,. Carotid intima-media thickness and antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke. 2006;37(7):1933–1940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wang JG, Li Y, Franklin SS, Safar M. Prevention of stroke and myocardial infarction by amlodipine and angiotensin receptor blockers: a quantitative overview. Hypertension. 2007;50(1):181–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Norvasc (amlodipine besylate) tablets [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer Inc; 2005
   Google Scholar
• . Morgan T, Anderson A. A comparison of candesartan, felodipine, and their combination in the treatment of elderly patients with systolic hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15(6):544–549
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rosenthal T, Gavras I. Fixed-drug combinations as first-line treatment for hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2006;48(6):416–425
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sica DA. Calcium channel blocker-related periperal edema: can it be resolved? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2003;5(4):291–294, 297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . See S. Angiotensin II receptor blockers for the treatment of hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2001;2(11):1795–1804
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B,; LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002; 359(9311):1004–1010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Stump CS, Sowers JR. Prevention of type 2 diabetes: role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and antihypertensive therapy. Advanced Studies in Medicine. 2006;6:231–239
   Google Scholar
• . Lithell HO. Effect of antihypertensive drugs on insulin, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Diabetes Care. 1991;14(3):203–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;369(9557):201–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kurtz TW, Pravenec M. Antidiabetic mechanisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists: beyond the renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens. 2004;22(12):2253–2261
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Mancia G. Clinical differences among angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Blood Press Suppl. 2001;2:19–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Puchler K, Laeis P, Stumpe KO. Blood pressure response, but not adverse event incidence, correlates with dose of angiotensin II antagonist. J Hypertens Suppl. 2001;19(1):S41–S48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Snow V, Barry P, Fihn SD,; American College of Physicians; American College of Cardiology Chronic Stable Angina Panel. Primary care management of chronic stable angina and asymptomatic suspected or known coronary artery disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141(7):562–567
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM,; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction); American College of Emergency Physicians, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction): developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons: endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. Circulation. 2007; 116(7):e148–e304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ong KL, Cheung BM, Man YB, Lau CP, Lam KS. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999–2004. Hypertension. 2007;49(1):69–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chrysant SG, Rhyne J, Melino M, Lee J, Heyrman R. Combination of amlodipine besylate and olmesartan medoxomil significantly reduces blood pressure in patients with hypertension independent of age. J Clin Hypertens. 2008;10(5):A15
   Google Scholar
• . Oparil S, Herron J, Melino M, Lee J, Heyrman R. The combination of amlodipine besylate and olmesartan medoxomil safely reduces blood pressure compared with monotherapy in both patients with stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2008;10(5):30
   Google Scholar
• . Oparil S, Ramstad D, Melino M, Lee J, Heyrman R. The combination of amlodipine besylate + olmesartan medoxomil provides numerically greater reductions in blood pressure compared with component monotherapies in race and ethnic subgroups. J Clin Hypertens. 2008;10(5):A30
   Google Scholar
• . Poldermans D, Glazes R, Kargiannis S,. Tolerability and blood pressure-lowering efficacy of the combination of amlodipine plus valsartan compared with lisinopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in adult patients with stage 2 hypertension. Clin Ther. 2007;29(2):279–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schrader J, Salvetti A, Calvo C,. The combination of amlodipine/valsartan 5/160 mg produces less peripheral oedema than amlodipine 10 mg in hypertensive patients not adequately controlled with amlodipine 5 mg. Int J Clin Pract. 2009;63(2):217–225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar