Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

References

• . Koonin LM, MacKay AP, Berg CJ, Atrash HK, Smith JC. Pregnancy-related mortality surveillance–United States, 1987–1990. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1997;46(4):17–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sibai BM. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(2):402–410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gifford RW, August PA, Cunningham G. Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:S1–S22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Abalos E, Duley L, Steyn DW, Henderson-Smart DJ. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1)CD002252
   Google Scholar
• . von Dadelszen P, Ornstein MP, Bull SB, Logan AG, Koren G, Magee LA. Fall in mean arterial pressure and fetal growth restriction in pregnancy hypertension: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2000;355(9198):87–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rowley C, Onslow J. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Int J Obstet Anesth. 2008;17(2):195–196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cockburn J, Moar VA, Ounsted M, Redman CW. Final report of study on hypertension during pregnancy: the effects of specific treatment on the growth and development of the children. Lancet. 1982;1(8273):647–649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schneider H, Proegler M. Placental transfer of beta-adrenergic antagonists studied in an in vitro perfusion system of human placental tissue. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159(1):42–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Magee LA, Duley L. Oral beta-blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3)CD002863
   Google Scholar
• . Dubois D, Petitcolas J, Temperville B, Klepper A, Catherine P. Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy with beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;13( suppl 2):375S–378S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lardoux H, Gerard J, Blazquez G, Flouvat B. Which beta-blocker in pregnancy-induced hypertension? Lancet. 1983;2(8360):1194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lip GY, Beevers M, Churchill D, Shaffer LM, Beevers DG. Effect of atenolol on birth weight. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(10):1436–1438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Easterling TR, Brateng D, Schmucker B, Brown Z, Millard SP. Prevention of preeclampsia: a randomized trial of atenolol in hyperdynamic patients before onset of hypertension. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;93(5 pt 1):725–733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sibai BM, Abdella TN, Anderson GD, McCubbin JH. Plasma volume determination in pregnancies complicated by chronic hypertension and intrauterine fetal demise. Obstet Gynecol. 1982;60(2):174–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sibai BM, Grossman RA, Grossman HG. Effects of diuretics on plasma volume in pregnancies with long-term hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;150(7):831–835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barton JR, O'Brien JM, Bergauer NK, Jacques DL, Sibai BM. Mild gestational hypertension remote from term: progression and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184(5):979–983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ness RB, Roberts JM. Heterogeneous causes constituting the single syndrome of preeclampsia: a hypothesis and its implications. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175(5):1365–1370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Vatten LJ, Skjaerven R. Is pre-eclampsia more than one disease? BJOG. 2004;111:298–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2005;365(9461):785–799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Haukkamaa L, Salminen M, Laivuori H, Leinonen H, Hiilesmaa V, Kaaja R. Risk for subsequent coronary artery disease after preeclampsia. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93(6):805–808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wilson BJ, Watson MS, Prescott GJ,. Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and risk of hypertension and stroke in later life: results from cohort study. BMJ. 2003(7394);326:845
   Google Scholar
• . McDonald SD, Malinowski A, Zhou Q, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ. Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Am Heart J. 2008;156(5):918–930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . LaMarca BD, Ryan MJ, Gilbert JS, Murphy SR, Granger JP. Inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of hypertension during preeclampsia. Curr Hyperten Rep. 2007;9(6):480–485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Shah DM. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;288(4):F614–F625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kaur G, Mishra S, Sehgal A, Prasad R. Alterations in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in pregnancy with preeclampsia. Mol Cell Biochem. 2008;313:37–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Carr DB, McDonald GB, Brateng D, Desai M, Thach CT, Easterling TR. The relationship between hemodynamics and inflammatory activation in women at risk for preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98(6):1109–1116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Einarsson JI, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Gardner MO. Sperm exposure and development of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188(5):1241–1243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lie RT, Rasmussen S, Brunborg H, Gjessing HK, Lie-Nielsen E, Irgens LM. Fetal and maternal contributions to risk of pre-eclampsia: population based study. BMJ. 1998;316(7141):1343–1347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Douglas KA, Redman CW. Eclampsia in the United Kingdom. BMJ. 1994;309(6966):1395–1400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Clowse ME, Jamison M, Myers E, James AH. A national study of the complications of lupus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199(2):121.e1–e6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Germain S, Nelson-Piercy C. Lupus nephritis and renal disease in pregnancy. Lupus. 2006;15(3):148–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rumbold A, Duley L, Crowther CA, Haslam RR. Antioxidants for preventing pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004227
   Google Scholar
• . Olsen SF, Secher NJ, Tabor A, Weber T, Walker JJ, Gluud C. Randomised clinical trials of fish oil supplementation in high risk pregnancies. Fish Oil Trials In Pregnancy (FOTIP) Team. BJOG. 2000;107(3):382–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hofmeyr GJ, Duley L, Atallah A. Dietary calcium supplementation for prevention of pre-eclampsia and related problems: a systematic review and commentary. BJOG. 2007;114(8):933–943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Askie LM, Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Stewart LA; PARIS Collaborative Group. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet. 2007;369(9575):1791–1798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Roberts JM, Catov JM. Aspirin for pre-eclampsia: compelling data on benefit and risk. Lancet. 2007;369(9575):1765–1766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sibai BM. Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(5 pt 1):981–991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sibai BM, Ramadan MK, Usta I, Salama M, Mercer BM, Friedman SA. Maternal morbidity and mortality in 442 pregnancies with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP syndrome). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169(4):1000–1006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Strand S, Strand D, Seufert R,. Placenta-derived CD95 ligand causes liver damage in hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(3):849–858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hinchey J, Chaves C, Appignani B,. A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(8):494–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Servillo G, Bifulco F, De Robertis E,. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in intensive care medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(2):230–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Servillo G, Striano P, Striano S,. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in critically ill obstetric patients. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(12):2323–2326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Thackeray EM, Tielborg MC. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a patient with severe preeclampsia. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(1):184–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Veltkamp R, Kupsch A, Polasek J, Yousry TA, Pfister HW. Late onset postpartum eclampsia without pre-eclamptic prodromiance: clinical and neuroradiological presentation in two patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psy. 2000;69(6):824–827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Narbone MC, Musolino R, Granata F, Mazzù I, Abbate M, Ferlazzo E. PRES: posterior or potentially reversible encephalopathy syndrome? Neurological Sciences. 2006;27(3):187–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chawla R, Smith D, Marik PE. Near fatal PRES complicating chronic liver failure treated by induced hypothermia and dialysis. J Med Case Rep. In press
   Google Scholar
• . Bartynski WS. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 2: controversies surrounding pathophysiology of vasogenic edema. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(6):1043–1049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Altman D, Carroli G, Duley L,; Magpie Trial Collaboration Group. Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9321):1877–1890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Duley L, Gulmezoglu AM, Henderson-Smart DJ. Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2)CD000025
   Google Scholar
• . Belfort MA, Anthony J, Saade GR, Allen JC Jr; Nimodipine Study Group. A comparison of magnesium sulfate and nimodipine for the prevention of eclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(4):304–311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99(1):159–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Martin JN Jr, Thigpen BD, Moore RC, Rose CH, Cushman J, May W. Stroke and severe preeclampsia and eclampsia: a paradigm shift focusing on systolic blood pressure. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(2):246–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cunningham FG. Severe preeclampsia and eclampsia: systolic hypertension is also important. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(2):237–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hellman LM, Pritchard JA. Williams Obstetrics. 14th ed. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1971
   Google Scholar
• . Magee LA, Cham C, Waterman EJ, Ohlsson A, von Dadelszen P. Hydralazine for treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy: meta-analysis. Br Med J. 2003;327(7421):955–960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pearce CJ, Wallin JD. Labetalol and other agents that block both alpha-and beta-adrenergic receptors. Cleve Clin J Med. 1994;61(1):59–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Orlowski JP, Shiesley D, Vidt DG, Barnett GH, Little JR. Labetalol to control blood pressure after cerebrovascular surgery. Crit Care Med. 1988;16(8):765–768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Jouppila P, Kirkinen P, Koivula A, Ylikorkala O. Labetalol does not alter the placental and fetal blood flow or maternal prostanoids in preeclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1986;93(6):543–547
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management. Chest. 2007;131(6):1949–1962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Papatsonis DN, Lok CA, Bos JM, Geijn HP, Dekker GA. Calcium channel blockers in the management of preterm labor and hypertension in pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reproduct Biol. 2001;97(2):122–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mansour G, Mansour J. Nicardipine or labetalol as short-term treatment for severe hypertension of pregnancy. Curr Hyperten Rep. 2004;6(6):451–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Brown MA, Buddle ML, Farrell T, Davis GK. Efficacy and safety of nifedipine tablets for the acute treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(4):1046–1050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Graf J, Janssens U. Still a black box: what do we really know about the intensive care unit admission process and its consequences? Crit Care Med. 2005;33(4):901–903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Jannet D, Carbonne B, Sebban E, Milliez J. Nicardipine versus metoprolol in the treatment of hypertension during pregnancy: a randomized comparative trial. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(3):354–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Carbonne B, Jannet D, Touboul C, Khelifati Y, Milliez J. Nicardipine treatment of hypertension during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81(6):908–914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Borghi C, Esposti DD, Cassani A, Immordino V, Bovicelli L, Ambrosioni E. The treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. J Hypertension Suppl. 2002;20(2):S52–S56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lyell DJ, Pullen K, Campbell L,. Magnesium sulfate compared with nifedipine for acute tocolysis of preterm labor: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(1):61–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Magee LA, Miremadi S, Li J,. Therapy with both magnesium sulfate and nifedipine does not increase the risk of serious magnesium-related maternal side effects in women with preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(1):153–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Manzur-Verástegui S, Mandeville PB, Gordillo-Moscoso A, Hernández-Sierra JF, Rodríguez-Martínez M. Efficacy of nitroglycerine infusion versus sublingual nifedipine in severe pre-eclampsia: a randomized, triple-blind, controlled trial. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2008;35(5–6):580–585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Impey L. Severe hypotension and fetal distress following sublingual administration of nifedipine to a patient with severe pregnancy induced hypertension at 33 weeks. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;100(10):959–961
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . van Veen AJ, Pelinck MJ, van Pampus MG, Erwich JJ. Severe hypotension and fetal death due to tocolysis with nifedipine. BJOG. 2005;112(4):509–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Levy JH. Treatment of perioperative hypertension. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 1999;17:569–570
   Google Scholar
• . Manninen AK, Juhakoski A. Nifedipine concentrations in maternal and umbilical serum, amniotic fluid, breast milk and urine of mothers and offspring. Internat J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1991;11(5):231–236
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bartels PA, Hanff LM, Mathot RA, Steegers EA, Vulto AG, Visser W. Nicardipine in pre-eclamptic patients: placental transfer and disposition in breast milk. BJOG. 2007;114(2):230–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cacciatore B, Halmesmäki E, Kaaja R, Teramo K, Ylikorkala O. Effects of transdermal nitroglycerin on impedance to flow in the uterine, umbilical, and fetal middle cerebral arteries in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179(1):140–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ohar JM, Fowler AA, Selhorst JB, Glauser FL. Intravenous nitroglycerin-induced intracranial hypertension. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(10):867–868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Finsterer J, Schlager T, Kopsa W, Wild E. Nitroglycerin-aggravated pre-eclamptic posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Neurology. 2003;61(5):715–716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Matchaba P, Moodley J. Corticosteroids for HELLP syndrome in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(1)CD002076
   Google Scholar
• . Krozowski Z, MaGuire JA, Stein-Oakley AN, Dowling J, Smith RE, Andrews RK. Immunohistochemical localization of the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II enzyme in human kidney and placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80(7):2203–2209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Blanford AT, Murphy BE. In vitro metabolism of prednisolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, and cortisol by the human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;127(3):264–267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D,. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(6):1937–1949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Marik PE. Critical illness-related corticoseroid insufficiency. Chest. 2009;135(1):181–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Forster JG, Peltonen S, Kaaja R, Lampinen K, Pettila V. Plasma exchange in severe postpartum HELLP syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002;46(8):955–958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Del Fante C, Perotti C, Viarengo G, Gallini GS, Tinelli C, Salvaneschi L. Daily plasma-exchange for life-threatening class I HELLP syndrome with prevalent pulmonary involvement. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2006;34(1):7–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar