39
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Features

Monitoring and Managing Urinary Albumin Excretion: Practical Advice for Primary Care Clinicians

, MD & , MD
Pages 51-60 | Published online: 13 Mar 2015

References

  • . Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, ; Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206–1252
  • . Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi G. Time to abandon microalbuminuria? Kidney Int. 2006;70(7):1214–1222
  • . De Jong PE, Gansevoort RT, Bakker SJ. Macroalbuminuria and microalbuminuria: do both predict renal and cardiovascular events with similar strength? J Nephrol. 2007;20(4):375–380
  • . Foster MC, Hwang SJ, Larson MG, . Cross-classification of microalbuminuria and reduced glomerular filtration rate: associations between cardiovascular disease risk factors and clinical outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(13):1386–1392
  • . Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, . Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298(17):2038–2047
  • . Böhm M, Thoenes M, Danchin N, Bramlage P, La Puerta P, Volpe M. Association of cardiovascular risk factors with microalbuminuria in hypertensive individuals: the i-SEARCH global study. J Hypertens. 2007;25(11):2317–2324
  • . Al-Maskari F, El Sadig M, Obineche E. Prevalence and determinants of microalbuminuria among diabetic patients in the United Arab Emirates. BMC Nephrol. 2008;9:1
  • . Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q; HOPE Study Investigators. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA. 2001;286(4):421–426
  • . Lea J, Greene T, Hebert L, . The relationship between magnitude of proteinuria reduction and risk of end-stage renal disease: results of the African American study of kidney disease and hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(8):947–953
  • . De Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving HH, . Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: lessons from RENAAL. Kidney Int. 2004;65(6):2309–2320
  • . Mann JF, Gerstein HC, Yi QL, . Development of renal disease in people at high cardiovascular risk: results of the HOPE randomized study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(3):641–647
  • . McCullough PA, Jurkovitz CT, Pergola PE, ; KEEP Investigators. Independent components of chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk state: results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP). Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(11):1122–1129
  • . Arnlov J, Evans JC, Meigs JB, . Low-grade albuminuria and incidence of cardiovascular disease events in nonhypertensive and nondiabetic individuals: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2005;112(7):969–975
  • . Forman JP, Fisher ND, Schopick EL, Curhan GC. Higher levels of albuminuria within the normal range predict incident hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(10):1983–1988
  • . Brantsma AH, Bakker SJ, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE, Gansevoort RT. Urinary albumin excretion as a predictor of the development of hypertension in the general population. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(2):331–335
  • . Krol E, Rutkowski B, Czarniak P, . Early detection of chronic kidney disease: results of the PolNef study. Am J Nephrol. 2009;29(3):264–273
  • . Brantsma AH, Bakker SJ, Hillege HL, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE, Gansevoort RT. Urinary albumin excretion and its relation with C-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome in the prediction of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(10):2525–2530
  • . Hermans MM, Henry RM, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Stehouwer CD. Albuminuria, but not estimated glomerular filtration rate, is associated with maladaptive arterial remodeling: the Hoorn Study. JHypertens. 2008;26(4):791–797
  • . Kuo HK, Lin LY, Yu YH. Microalbuminuria is a negative correlate for cognitive function in older adults with peripheral arterial disease: results from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. J Intern Med. 2007;262(5):562–570
  • . Comper WD, Hilliard LM, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Russo LM. Disease-dependent mechanisms of albuminuria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008;295(6):F1589–F1600
  • . Satchell SC, Tooke JE. What is the mechanism of microalbuminuria in diabetes: a role for the glomerular endothelium? Diabetologia. 2008;51(5):714–725
  • . Navar LG. The role of the kidneys in hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2005;7(9):542–549
  • . Kobori H, Nangaku M, Navar LG, Nishiyama A. The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system: from physiology to the pathobiology of hypertension and kidney disease. Pharmacol Rev. 2007;59(3):251–287
  • . Tomasello SR. Chronic kidney disease. In: Helms RA, Quan DJ, Herfindal ET, Gourley DR, eds. Textbook of Therapeutics: Drug and Disease Management. 8th ed. New York, NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006:1142–1182
  • . Deckert T, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Borch-Johnsen K, Jensen T, Kofoed-Enevoldsen A. Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage. The Steno hypothesis. Diabetologia. 1989;32(4):219–226
  • . Freedman BI, Kopp JB, Winkler CA, . Polymorphisms in the nonmuscle myosin heavy chain 9 gene (MYH9) are associated with albuminuria in hypertensive African Americans: the HyperGEN study. Am J Nephrol. 2009;29(6):626–632
  • . Palmer AJ, Valentine WJ, Chen R, . A health economic analysis of screening and optimal treatment of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in the USA. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(4):1216–1223
  • . Sarafidis PA, Riehle J, Bogojevic Z, Basta E, Chugh A, Bakris GL. A comparative evaluation of various methods for microalbuminuria screening. Am J Nephrol. 2008;28(2):324–329
  • . National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(2 suppl 1):S1–S266
  • . Parving HH, Gall MA, Skøtt P, . Prevalence and causes of albuminuria in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Kidney Int. 1992;41(4):758–762
  • . Christensen PK, Larsen S, Horn T, Olsen S, Parving HH. Causes of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes without diabetic retinopathy. Kidney Int. 2000;58(4):1719–1731
  • . Molyneaux LM, Willey KA, Yue DK. Indapamide is as effective as captopril in the control of microalbuminuria in diabetes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996;27(3):424–427
  • . Marre M, Puig JG, Kokot F, . Equivalence of indapamide SR and enalapril on microalbuminuria reduction in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: the NESTOR Study. J Hypertens. 2004;22(8):1613–1622
  • . Bakris GL, Weir MR, DeQuattro V, McMahon FG. Effects of an ACE inhibitor/calcium antagonist combination on proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1998;54(4):1283–1289
  • . Bomback AS, Kshirsagar AV, Amamoo MA, Klemmer PJ. Change in proteinuria after adding aldosterone blockers to ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in CKD: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51(2):199–211
  • . Pérez-Maraver M, Carrera MJ, Micaló T, . Renoprotective effect of diltiazem in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria despite ACE inhibitor treatment. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;70(1):13–19
  • . Persson F, Rossing P, Schjoedt KJ, . Time course of the antiproteinuric and antihypertensive effects of direct renin inhibition in type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int. 2008;73(12):1419–1425
  • . Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, ; African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Study Group. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA. 2002;288(19):2421–2431
  • . Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia). Lancet. 1997;349(9069):1857–1863
  • . Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, ; Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension; European Society of Cardiology. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2007;25(6):1105–1187
  • . American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2009. Diabetes Care. 2009;32( suppl 1):S13–S61
  • . Barnett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P, ; Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril Study Group. Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(19):1952–1961
  • . Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, ; Collaborative Study Group. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):851–860
  • . Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, ; RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):861–869
  • . Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet. 2000;355(9200):253–259
  • . Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, ; ONTARGET investigators. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9638):547–553
  • . Balamuthusamy S, Srinivasan L, Verma M, . Renin angiotensin system blockade and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and proteinuria: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2008;155(5):791–805
  • . Kunz R, Friedrich C, Wolbers M, Mann JF. Meta-analysis: effect of monotherapy and combination therapy with inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system on proteinuria in renal disease. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(1):30–18
  • . Bakris GL. ACE inhibitors and ARBs: are they better than other agents to slow nephropathy progression? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007;9(6):413–415
  • . Boersma C, Postma MJ, Visser ST, ; PREVEND Study Group. Baseline albuminuria predicts the efficacy of blood pressure-lowering drugs in preventing cardiovascular events. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;65(5):723–732
  • . Thomas MC. The assessment and management of albuminuria in primary care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;80(1):83–88
  • . Bakris GL, Weir MR. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated elevations in serum creatinine: is this a cause for concern? Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(5):685–693
  • . Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P; Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):870–878
  • . Hollenberg NK, Parving HH, Viberti G, . Albuminuria response to very high-dose valsartan in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Hypertens. 2007;25(9):1921–1926
  • . Thorp ML, Ditmer DG, Nash MK, . A study of the prevalence of significant increases in serum creatinine following angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor administration. J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19(5):389–392
  • . Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(5 suppl 1):S1–S290
  • . Hou FF, Zhang X, Zhang GH, . Efficacy and safety of benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(2):131–140
  • . Hou FF, Xie D, Zhang X, . Renoprotection of Optimal Antiproteinuric Doses (ROAD) Study: a randomized controlled study of benazepril and losartan in chronic renal insufficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(6):1889–1898
  • . Yusuf S, Teo K, Anderson C, ; Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) Investigators. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9644):1174–1183
  • . Parving HH, Persson F, Lewis JB, Lewis EJ, Hollenberg NK; AVOID Study Investigators. Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(23):2433–2446
  • . Sarafidis PA, Bakris GL. Renin-angiotensin blockade and kidney disease. Lancet. 2008;372(9638):511–512
  • . Fried LF, Duckworth W, Zhang JH, ; VA NEPHRON-D Investigators. Design of combination angiotensin receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor for treatment of diabetic nephropathy (VA NEPHRON-D). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(2):361–368
  • . Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, . Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-Renal Endpoints (ALTITUDE): rationale and study design. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(5):1663–1671
  • . Weir MR. Microalbuminuria and cardiovascular disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(3):581–590

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.