New Perspectives in Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risk, and Treatment Goals

References

• . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet, 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2007.pdf. Last updated 2008. Accessed March 3, 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, ; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119(3):480–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Fox CS, Pencina MJ, Wilson PW, Paynter NP, Vasan RS, D'Agostino RB Sr. Lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease among individuals with and without diabetes stratified by obesity status in the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(8):1582–1584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . DeFronzo RA. Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(4):281–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Henry RR. Evolving concepts of type 2 diabetes management with oral medications: new approaches to an old disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(8):2189–2202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, . Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000;321(7258):405–412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Montori VM, Fernandez-Balsells M. Glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: time for an evidence-based about-face? Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(11):803–808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . ; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study GroupGerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, . Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545–2559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . ; ADVANCE Collaborative GroupPatel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, . Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2560–2572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Duckworth WC, Abraira C, Moritz T, ; VADT Investigators. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(2):129–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Skyler JS, Bergenstal R, Bonow RO, ; American Diabetes Association; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association. Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA diabetes trials: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):187–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Miller D. Hypoglycemia associated with increased risk of MI among US veterans with diabetes. [Heartwire]. Vienna, Austria: October 5, 2009. Reported findings at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) 2009 Meeting. http://www.theheart.org/article/1010567.do. Accessed March 2, 2010
   Google Scholar
• . American Diabetes Association. Still no culprit for excess mortality with tight glucose control [news release]. San Francisco, CA: Med-Page Today; June 10, 2009. http://www.medpagetoday.com/tbprint.cfm?tbid=14635. Accessed March 2, 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1577–1589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Haffner SM. Relationship of metabolic risk factors and development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14( suppl 3):S121–S127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Anderson JW, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ. Importance of weight management in type 2 diabetes: review with meta-analysis of clinical studies. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003;22(5):331–339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ridderstråle M, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Eliasson B, Nilsson PM, Cederholm J; Steering Committee of the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR).Obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: results from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. J Intern Med. 2006;259(3):314–322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Eeg-Olofsson K, Cederholm J, Nilsson PM, . Risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes: an observational study in 13,087 patients. Diabetologia. 2009;52(1):65–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2010. Diabetes Care. 2010;33( suppl 1):S11–S61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ong KL, Cheung BM, Wong LY, Wat NM, Tan KC, Lam KS. Prevalence, treatment, and control of diagnosed diabetes in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. Ann Epidemiol. 2008;18(3):222–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of self-reported cardiovascular disease among persons aged > 35 years with diabetes—United States, 1997–2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(43):1129–1132
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wysham C, Lush C, Zhang B, Maier H, Wilhelm K. Effect of pramlintide as an adjunct to basal insulin on markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(1):79–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . ; American Diabetes AssociationBantle JP, Wylie-Rosett J, Albright AL, . Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2008;31( suppl 1):S61–S78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wing RR, Marcus MD, Epstein LH, Salata R. Diabetic subjects lose less weight than their overweight nondiabetic spouses. Diabetes Care. 1987;10(5):563–566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Management. In: Burant CF, ed. Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association; 2008:33–85
   Google Scholar
• Pi-Sunyer FX. Weight loss in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(6):1526–1527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Klein S, Sheard NF, Pi-Sunyer X, ; American Diabetes Association; North American Association for the Study of Obesity; American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and strategies: a statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(8):2067–2073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wing RR, Vendetti E, Jakicic JM, Polley BA, Lang W. Lifestyle intervention in overweight individuals with family history of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(3):350–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cefalu WT. Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: rationale and specific agents. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81(5):636–649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, ; American Diabetes Association; European Association for Study of Diabetes. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):193–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . DeFronzo RA. Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2009;58(4):773–795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Drucker DJ, Nauck MA. The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2006;368(9548):1696–1705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Deacon CF. The incretin system and its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;297(1–2):127–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Stonehouse A, Okerson T, Kendall D, Maggs D. Emerging incretin based therapies for type 2 diabetes: incretin mimetics and DPP-4 inhibitors. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2008;4(2):101–109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Alexander GC, Sehgal NL, Moloney RM, Stafford RS. National trends in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1994–2007. Arch Intern Med. 2008;68(19):2088–2094
   Google Scholar
• . Byetta (exenatide) [package insert]. San Diego, CA: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2009
   Google Scholar
• . Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, Kim DD, Fineman MS, Baron AD; Exenatide-113 Clinical Study Group.Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(11):2628–2635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, Kim DD, Fineman MS, Baron AD. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(5):1092–1100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, . Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(5):1083–1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zinman B, Hoogwerf BJ, Durán Garcia S, . The effect of adding exenatide to a thiazolidinedione in suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(7):477–485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Marre M, Shaw J, Brandle M, ; LEAD-1 SU Study Group. Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, added to a sulphonylurea over 26 weeks produces greater improvements in glycemic and weight control compared with adding rosiglitazone in subjects with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-1 SU). Diabet Med. 2009;26(3):268–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nauck M, Frid A, Hermansen K, ; LEAD-2 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of comparison of liraglutide, glimepiride, and placebo, all in combination with metformin in type 2 diabetes: the LEAD (liraglutide effect and action in diabetes)-2 study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):84–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Garber A, Henry R, Ratner R, ; LEAD-3 (Mono) Study Group. Liraglutide versus glimepiride monotherapy for type 2 diabetes (LEAD-3 Mono): a randomised, 52-week, phase III, double-blind, parallel-treatment trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9662);473–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barnett AH, Burger J, Johns D, . Tolerability and efficacy of exenatide and titrated insulin glargine in adult patients with type 2 diabetes previously uncontrolled with metformin or a sulfonylurea: a multinational, randomized, open-label, two-period, crossover noninferiority trial. Clin Ther. 2007;29(11):2333–2348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Heine RJ, Van Gaal LF, Johns D, Mihm MJ, Widel MH, Brodows RG; GWAA Study Group.Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(8):559–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nauck MA, Duran S, Kim D, . A comparison of twice-daily exenatide and biphasic insulin aspart in patients with type 2 diabetes who were suboptimally controlled with sulfonylurea and metformin: a non-inferiority study. Diabetologia. 2007;50(2):259–267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Klonoff DC, Buse JB, Nielsen LL, . Exenatide effects on diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes treated for at least 3 years. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(1):275–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Madsbad S. Liraglutide effect and action in diabetes (LEAD™) trial. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2009;4:119–129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Drucker DJ, Buse JB, Taylor K, ; DURATION-1 Study Group. Exenatide once weekly versus twice daily for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority study. Lancet. 2008;372(9645):1240–1250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Baggio LL, Maida A, Lamont BL. ADA 2008: incretin-based therapeutics. http://cme.medscape.com/viewprogram/15786. Last updated July 31, 2008. Accessed March 3, 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Lovshin JA, Drucker DJ. Incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5(5):262–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Aschner P, Kipnes MS, Lunceford JK, Sanchez M, Mickel C, Williams-Herman DE; Sitagliptin Study 021 Group.Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(12):2632–2637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Raz I, Hanefeld M, Xu L, Caria C, Williams-Herman D, Khatami H; Sitagliptin Study 023 Group.Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2006;49(11):2564–2571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Scott R, Wu M, Sanchez M, Stein P. Efficacy and tolerability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy over 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(1):171–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Charbonnel B, Karasik A, Liu J, Wu M, Meininger G; Sitagliptin Study 020 Group.Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(12):2638–2643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rosenstock J, Brazg R, Andryuk PJ, Lu K, Stein P; Sitagliptin Study 019 Group.Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing pioglitazone therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clin Ther. 2006;(10)28:1556–1568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hermansen K, Kipnes M, Luo E, Fanurik D, Khatami H, Stein P; Sitagliptin Study 035 Group.Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on glimepiride alone or on glimepiride and metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9(5):733–745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nauck MA, Meininger G, Sheng D, Terranella L, Stein PP; Sitagliptin Study 024 Group.Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9(2):194–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Odegard PS, Capoccia K. Medication taking and diabetes. A systematic review of the literature. Diabetes Educ. 2007;23(6):1014–1029
   Google Scholar
• . Bayliss EA, Edwards AE, Steiner JF, Main DS. Processes of care desired by elderly patients with multimorbidities. Fam Pract. 2008;25(4):287–293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pladevall M, Williams LK, Potts LA, Divine G, Xi H, Lafata JE. Clinical outcomes and adherence to medications measured by claims data in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(12):2800–2805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kurlander JE, Kerr EA, Krein S, Heisler M, Piette JD. Cost-related non-adherence to medications among patients with diabetes and chronic pain: factors beyond finances. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(12):2143–2148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Breisacher BA, Andrade SE, Fouayzi H, Chan KA. Medication adherence and use of generic drug therapies. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15(7):450–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barron J, Wahl P, Fisher M, Plauschinat C. Effect of prescription copayments on adherence and treatment failure with oral antidiabetic agents. P T. 2008;33(9):532–553
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Shah NR, Hirsch AG, Zacker C, Taylor S, Wood GC, Stewart WF. Factors associated with first-fill adherence rates for diabetic medications: a cohort study. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(2):233–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Donnelly LA, Morris AD, Pearson ER. Adherence in patients transferred from immediate release metformin to a sustained release formulation: a population-based study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009;11(4):338–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dailey G, Kim MS, Lian JF. Patient compliance and persistence with antihyperglycemic drug regimens: evaluation of a Medicaid patient population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2001;23(8):1311–1320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dezii CM, Kawabata H, Tran M. Effect of once-daily and twice-daily dosing on adherence with prescribed glipizide oral therapy for type 2 diabetes. South Med J. 2002;96(1):68–71
   Google Scholar
• . Pan F, Chernew ME, Fendrick M. Impact of fixed-dose combination drugs on adherence to prescription medications. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(5):611–614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Paes AH, Bakker A, Soe-Agne CJ. Impact of dosing frequency on patient compliance. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(10):1512–1517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Donnan PT, MacDonald TM, Morris AD. Adherence to prescribed oral hypoglycemic medication in a population of patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabet Med. 2002;19(4):279–284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kardas P. The DIACOM study (effect of DosIng frequency of oral Antidiabetic agents on the COMpliance and biochemical control of type 2 diabetes). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2005;7(6):722–728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Farmer A, Kinmonth AL, Sutton S. Measuring beliefs about taking hypoglycaemic medication among people with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2006;23(3):265–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hauber AB, Mohamed AF, Johnson FR, Falvey H. Treatment preferences and medication adherence of people with type 2 diabetes using oral glucose-lowering agents. Diabet Med. 2009;26(4):416–424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mohamed M; Diabcare-Asia 2003 Study Group.An audit on diabetes management in Asian patients treated by specialists: the Diabcare-Asia 1998 and 2003 studies. Curr Med Res Opinion. 2008;24(2):507–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Fabunmi R, Nielsen LL, Quimbo R, . Patient characteristics, drug adherence patterns, and hypoglycemic costs for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus newly initiated on exenatide or insulin glargine. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(3):777–788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lingvay I, Legendre J, Kaloyanova PF, . Insulin-based versus triple oral therapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(10):1789–1795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Heisler M, Vijan S, Anderson RM, Ubel PA, Bernstein SJ, Hofer TP. When do patients and their physicians agree on diabetes treatment goals and strategies, and what difference does it make? J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(11):893–902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Heisler M, Bouknight RR, Hayward RA, Smith DM, Kerr EA. The relative importance of physician communication, participatory decision making, and patient understanding in diabetes self-management. J Gen Intern Med. 2002;17(4):243–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lutfey KE, Wishner WJ. Beyond “compliance” is “adherence”. Improving the prospect of diabetes care. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(4):635–639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar