Recurrent Deep Vein Thrombosis Despite Warfarin Therapy in a Patient with Crohn's Disease

References

• . Magro F, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Araujo F, . High prevalence of combined thrombophilic abnormalities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;15(11):1157–1163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Koutroubakis I. Therapy insight: vascular complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;2(6):266–272
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Aichbichler B, Petritsch W, Reicht G, . Anti-cardiolipin antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44(4):852–856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Guédon C, Le Cam-Duchez V, Lalaude O, Ménard J, Lerebours E, Borg J. Prothrombotic inherited abnormalities other than factor V Leiden mutation do not play a role in venous thrombosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(5):1448–1454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Koutroubakis I, Petinaki E, Anagnostopoulou E, . Anti-cardiolipin and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43(11):2507–2512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Papa A, Danese S, Grillo A, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Review article: inherited thrombophilia in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(6):1247–1251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Koutroubakis I, Malliaraki N, Vardas E, . Increased levels of lipoprotein (a) in Crohn's disease: a relation to thrombosis? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13(12):1415–1419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bernstein C, Blanchard J, Houston D, Wajada A. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Thromb Haemost. 2001;85(3):430–434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Vecchi M, Sacchi E, Saibeni S, . Inflammatory bowel diseases are not associated with major hereditary conditions predisposing to thrombosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2000;45(7):1465–1469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Miehsler W, Reinisch W, Valic E, . Is inflammatory bowel disease an independent and disease specific risk factor for thromboembolism? Gut. 2004;53(4):542–548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Solem C, Loftus E, Tremaine W, Sandborn W. Venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(1):97–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mahmud N, Molloy A, McPartin J, . Increased prevalence of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T variant in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and its clinical implications. Gut. 1999;45(3):389–394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Morgenstern I, Raijmakers M, Peters W, Hoensch H, Kirch W. Homocysteine, cysteine, and glutathione in human colonic mucosa: elevated levels of homocysteine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(10):2083–2090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Battaglioli T, Martinelli I. Hormone therapy and thromboembolic disease. Curr Opin Hematol. 2007;14(5):488–493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Severinsen M, Kristensen S, Johnsen S, Dethlefsen C, Tjønneland A, Overvad K. Smoking and venous thromboembolism: a Danish follow-up study. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(8):1297–1303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kearon C, Kahn S, Agnelli G, ; American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133( 6 suppl):454S–545S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lee A, Levine M, Baker R, ; Randomized Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin versus Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer (CLOT) Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(2):146–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Douketis J, Foster G, Crowther M, Prins M, Ginsberg J. Clinical risk factors and timing of recurrent venous thromboembolism during the initial 3 months of anticoagulant therapy. Arch Int Med. 2000;160(22):3431–3436
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Douketis J, Crowther M, Foster G, Ginsberg J. Does the location of thrombosis determine the risk of disease recurrence in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis? Am J Med. 2001;110(7):515–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rondina M, Pendleton R, Wheeler M, Rodgers G. The treatment of venous thromboembolism in special populations. Thromb Res. 2007;119(4):391–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Luk C, Wells P, Anderson D, Kovacs M. Extended outpatient therapy with low molecular weight heparin for the treatment of recurrent venous thromboembolism despite warfarin therapy. Am J Med. 2001;111(4):270–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hull R, Hirsh J, Jay R, . Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1982;307(27):1676–1691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, . A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(7):409–415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . PREPIC Study Group. Eight-year follow-up of patients with permanent vena cava filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism: the PREPIC (Prevention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) randomized study. Circulation. 2005;112(3):416–422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Crowther M. Inferior vena cava filters in the management of venous thromboembolism. Am J Med. 2007;120(10 suppl 2):S13–S17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gellatly R. Intravenous warfarin as an alternative for anticoagulation. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27(6):933–935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zikria J, Ansell J. Oral anticoagulation with Factor Xa and thrombin inhibitors: Is there an alternative to warfarin? Discov Med. 2009;8(43):196–203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Osinbowale O, Ali L, Chi YW. Venous thromboembolism: a clinical review. Postgrad Med. 2010;122(2):54–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar