Overcoming the Barriers to the Diagnosis of Dementia

References

• . Boustani M, Peterson B, Hanson L, Harris R, Lohr KN; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for dementia in primary care: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(11):927–937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nobo A, Launer LJ, Fratiglioni L,. Prevalence of dementia and major subtypes in Europe: a collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group. Neurology. 2000;54( 11 suppl):S4–S9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cummings H. Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(1):56–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Prince M. Dementia in developing countries. A consensus statement from the 10/66 Dementia Research Group. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15(1):14–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C,; Alzheimer's Disease International. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005;366(9503):2112–2117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Xie J, Brayne C, Matthews FE; Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study collaborators. Survival times in people with dementia: analysis from population based cohort study with 14 year follow-up. BMJ. 2008;336(7638):258–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barclay LL, Zencov A, Blass JP, Sansone J. Survival in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementias. Neurology. 1985;35(6):834–840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sternberg SA, Wolfson C, Baumgarten M. Undetected dementia in community-dwelling older people: The Canadian study of Health and Aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(11):1430–1434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Walsh EG, Wu B, Mitchell JB, Berkmann LF. Cognitive function and acute care utilization. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2003;58(1):S38–S49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Löppönen M, Räihä Isoaho R, Vahlberg T, Kivelä SL. Diagnosing cognitive impairment and dementia in primary health care—a more active approach is needed. Age Ageing. 2003;32(6):606–612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Knopman D, Donohue JA, Gutterman EM. Patterns of care in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease: impediments to timely diagnosis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(3):300–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Callahan CM, Hendric HC, Tierney WM. Documentation and evaluation of cognitive impairment in elderly primary care patients. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(6):422–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Boise L, Neal MB, Kaye J. Dementia assessment in primary care: results from a study in three managed care systems. J Gerontol. 2004;59(6):M621–M626
   Google Scholar
• . Ganguli M, Rodriguez E, Mulsant B,. Detection and management of cognitive impairment in primary care: the Steel Valley Seniors Survey. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(10):1668–1675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Woods RT, Moniz-Cook E, Iliffe S,; INTERDEM (Early Detection and Intervention in Dementia) Group. Dementia: issues in early recognition and intervention in primary care. J R Soc Med. 2003;96(7):320–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barrett JJ, Haley WE, Harrell LE, Powers RE. Knowledge about Alzheimer disease among primary care physicians, psychologists, nurses and social workers. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1997;11(2):99–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Harwood DM, Hope T, Jacoby R. Cognitive impairment in medical inpatients. II: do physicians miss cognitive impairment? Age Ageing. 1997;26(1):37–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Alagiakrishnan K, Marrie T, Rolfson D,. Gaps in patient care practices to prevent hospital-acquired delirium. Can Family Physician. 2009;55(10):e41–e46
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental State.” A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Molloy DW, Alemayehu E, Roberts R. Reliability of a standardized mini-mental state examination compared with the traditional minimental state examination. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(10):102–105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Molloy DW, Standish TI. Mental status and neuropsychological assessment. A guide to the standardized Mini-mental state Examination. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9( suppl 1):87–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Costa PT Jr, Williams TF, Somerfield M,. Early identification of Alzheimer's disease and Related Dementias. Clinical Practice Guideline. Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians No. 19. Rockville, MD: US Dept of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHCPR publication No. 97–0703. November 1996
   Google Scholar
• . Swain DG, O'Brien AG, Nightingale PG. Cognitive assessment in elderly patients admitted to hospital: the relationship between the Abbreviated Mental Test and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Clin Rehabil. 1999:13(6):503–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Borson S, Scalan J, Brush M, Vitaliano P, Dokmak A. The mini-cog: a cognitive ‘vital sign’ measure for dementia screening in multi-lingual elderly. Int J Ger Psychiatry. 2000;15(11):1021–1027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Brodaty H, Pond D, Kemp NM,. THE GPCOG: a new screening test for dementia designed for general practice. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(3):530–534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994
   Google Scholar
• . Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW,. Studies of illness in the aged. The Index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA. 1963;185:914–919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969;9(3):179–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Teresi JA, Cross PS, Golden RR. Some applications of latent trait analysis to the measurement of ADL. J Georontol. 1989;44(5):S196–S204
   Google Scholar
• . Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédrian V,. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695–699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med. 2004;256(3):183–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Petersen RC, Doody R, Kurz A,. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(12):1985–1992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Alagiakrishnan K. Treating vascular risk factors and preventing Alzheimer's. Res Pract Alzheimers Dis. 2007;12:59–63
   Google Scholar
• . Alagiakrishnan K, McCracken P, Feldman H. Treating vascular risk factors and maintaining vascular health: is this the way towards successful cognitive ageing and preventing cognitive decline? Postgrad Med J. 2006;82(964):101–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Langa KM, Foster NL, Larson EB. Mixed dementia: emerging concepts, therapeutic implications. JAMA. 2004;292(23):2901–2908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kalra S, Bergeron C, Lang AE. Lewy body disease and dementia. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(5):487–493
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Morris JC. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993;43(11):2412–2414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Reisberg B. Functional assessment staging (FAST). Psychopharmacol Bull. 1988;24(4):653–659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Moore AR, O'Keeffe ST. Drug-induced cognitive impairment in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 1999;15(1):15–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barton C, Sklenicka J, Sayegh P, Yaffe K. Contraindicated medication use among patients in a memory disorders clinic. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2008;6(3):147–152
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bech-Azeddine R, Waldemar G, Knudsen GM,. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: evaluation and findings in a multidisciplinary memory clinic. Eur J Neurol. 2001;8(6):601–611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Alagiakrishnan K, Sadowski CA. Managing non-Alzheimer's dementia with pharmacotherapy. Geriatr Aging. 2008;11(9):515–521
   Google Scholar
• . Salloway S, Ferris S, Kluger A,; Donepezil 401 Study Group. Efficacy of donepezil in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2004;63(4):651–657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Loy C, Schneider L. Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD001747
   Google Scholar