Aerobic Physical Exercise as a Possible Treatment for Neurocognitive Dysfunction in Bipolar Disorder

References

• . McIntyre RS, Konarski JZ. Bipolar disorder: a national health concern. CNS Spectr. 2004;9(11 suppl 12):6–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Schaffer A, . Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2009. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11(3):225–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bonnin CM, Martinez-Aran A, Torrent C, . Clinical and neurocognitive predictors of functional outcome in bipolar euthymic patients: a long-term, follow-up study. J Affect Disord. 2010;121(1–2):156–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lopez AD, Murray CC. The global burden of disease, 1990–2020. Nat Med. 1998;4(11):1241–1243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Andreazza AC, Shao L, Wang JF, Young LT. Mitochondrial complex I activity and oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins in the prefrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(4):360–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kim HW, Rapoport SI, Rao JS. Altered arachidonic acid cascade enzymes in postmortem brain from bipolar disorder patients [published online ahead of print December 29, 2009]. Mol Psychiatry.
   Google Scholar
• . Kim HW, Rapoport SI, Rao JS. Altered expression of apoptotic factors and synaptic markers in postmortem brain from bipolar disorder patients. Neurobiol Dis. 2010;37(3):596–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Usher J, Leucht S, Falkai P, Scherk H. Correlation between amygdala volume and age in bipolar disorder–a systematic review and meta-analysis of structural MRI studies. Psychiatry Res. 2010;182(1):1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ng WX, Lau IY, Graham S, Sim K. Neurobiological evidence for thalamic, hippocampal and related glutamatergic abnormalities in bipolar disorder: a review and synthesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009;33(3):336–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Konarski JZ, McIntyre RS, Kennedy SH, Rafi-Tari S, Soczynska JK, Ketter TA. Volumetric neuroimaging investigations in mood disorders: bipolar disorder versus major depressive disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10(1):1–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bauer M, Alda M, Priller J, Young LT; International Group for the Study of Lithium Treated Patients (IGSLI). Implications of the neuroprotective effects of lithium for the treatment of bipolar and neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003;36( suppl 3):S250–S254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Goldberg JF, Chengappa KN. Identifying and treating cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11( suppl 2):123–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nunes PV, Forlenza OV, Gattaz WF. Lithium and risk for Alzheimer's disease in elderly patients with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:359–360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Balanzá-Martinez V, Selva G, Martínez-Aran A, . Neurocognition in bipolar disorders–a closer look at comorbidities and medications. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;626(1):87–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Amado-Boccara I, Gougoulis N, Poirier Littre MF, Galinowski A, Loo H. Effects of antidepressants on cognitive functions: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1995;19(3):479–493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zobel AW, Schulze-Rauschenbach S, von Widdern OC, . Improvement of working but not declarative memory is correlated with HPA normalization during antidepressant treatment. J Psychiatr Res. 2004;38(4):377–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Musselman DL, Betan E, Larsen H, Phillips LS. Relationship of depression to diabetes types 1 and 2: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(3):317–329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Musselman DL, Evans DL, Nemeroff CB. The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(7):580–592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Musselman DL, Garlow SJ, Nemeroff CB. The neurochemistry of mood disorders: clinical studies. In: Charney DS, Nestler EJ, Bunney BS, eds. Neurobiology of Mental Illness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1999:348–364
   Google Scholar
• . McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Konarski JZ, . Should depressive syndromes be reclassified as “metabolic syndrome type II”? Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2007;19(4):257–264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Keck PE, McElroy SL. Bipolar disorder, obesity, and pharmacotherapy-associated weight gain. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(12):1426–1435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sylvia LG, Kopeski LM, Mulrooney C, Reid J, Jacob K, Neuhaus EC. Does exercise impact mood? Exercise patterns of patients in a psychiatric partial hospital program. J Psychiatr Pract. 2009;15(1):70–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Goldstein BI, Kemp DE, Soczynska JK, McIntyre RS. Inflammation and the phenomenology, pathophysiology, comorbidity, and treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(8):1078–1090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Goldstein DS, McEwen B. Allostasis, homeostats, and the nature of stress. Stress. 2002;5(1):55–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Raji CA, Ho AJ, Parikshak NN, . Brain structure and obesity. Hum Brain Mapp. 2010;31(3):353–364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Magarinos AM, McEwen BS. Experimental diabetes in rats causes hippocampal dendritic and synaptic reorganization and increased glucocorticoid reactivity to stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(20):11056–11061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Reagan LP, Gorovits N, Hoskin EK, . Localization and regulation of GLUTx1 glucose transporter in the hippocampus of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(5):2820–2825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McEwen BS, Alves SE, Bulloch K, Weiland NG. Ovarian steroids and the brain: implications for cognition and aging. Neurology. 1997;48(5 suppl 7):S8–S15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McEwen BS, Magariños AM, Reagan LP. Studies of hormone action in the hippocampal formation: possible relevance to depression and diabetes. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53(4):883–890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . MacQueen GM, Campbell S, McEwen BS, . Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(3):1387–1392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Young AH, Gallagher P, Watson S, Del-Estal D, Owen BM, Ferrier IN. Improvements in neurocognitive function and mood following adjunctive treatment with mifepristone (RU-486) in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(8):1538–1545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sapolsky RM. Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(10):925–935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McQuade R, Young AH. Future therapeutic targets in mood disorders: the glucocorticoid receptor. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;177:390–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dorn LD, Burgess ES, Friedman TC, Dubbert B, Gold PW, Chrousos GP. The longitudinal course of psychopathology in Cushing's syndrome after correction of hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(3):912–919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Forget H, Lacroix A, Cohen H. Persistent cognitive impairment following surgical treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2002;27(3):367–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Newcomer JW, Selke G, Melson AK, . Decreased memory performance in healthy humans induced by stress-level cortisol treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(6):527–533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rush AJ, Giles DE, Schlesser MA, . The dexamethasone suppression test in patients with mood disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57(10):470–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Knable MB, Torrey EF, Webster MJ, Bartko JJ. Multivariate analysis of prefrontal cortical data from the Stanley Foundation Neuropathology Consortium. Brain Res Bull. 2001;55(5):651–659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wingo AP, Harvey PD, Baldessarini RJ. Neurocognitive impairment in bipolar disorder patients: functional implications. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11(2):113–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Martinez-Aran A, Vieta E, Colom F, . Do cognitive complaints in euthymic bipolar patients reflect objective cognitive impairment? Psychother Psychosom. 2005;74(5):295–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Holmes MK, Erickson K, Luckenbaugh DA, . A comparison of cognitive functioning in medicated and unmedicated subjects with bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10(7):806–815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Etnier JL, Chang YK. The effect of physical activity on executive function: a brief commentary on definitions, measurement issues, and the current state of the literature. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2009;31(4):469–483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ardila A. On the evolutionary origins of executive functions. Brain Cogn. 2008;68(1):92–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Torres IJ, Boudreau VG, Yatham LN. Neuropsychological functioning in euthymic bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2007;(434):17–26
   Google Scholar
• . Robinson LJ, Thompson JM, Gallagher P, . A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2006;93(1–3):105–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Martinez-Aran A, Vieta E, Reinares M, . Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(2):262–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Martinez-Aran A, Penades R, Vieta E, . Executive function in patients with remitted bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and its relationship with functional outcome. Psychother Psychosom. 2002;71(1):39–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Martinez-Aran A, Vieta E, Torrent C, . Functional outcome in bipolar disorder: the role of clinical and cognitive factors. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9(1–2):103–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Altshuler L, Tekell J, Biswas K, . Executive function and employment status among veterans with bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58(11):1441–1447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Burt DB, Zembar MJ, Niederehe G. Depression and memory impairment: a meta-analysis of the association, its pattern, and specificity. Psychol Bull. 1995;117(2):285–305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Robinson LJ, Thompson JM, Gallagher P, . A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2006;93(1–3):105–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kurtz MM, Gerraty RT. A meta-analytic investigation of neurocognitive deficits in bipolar illness: profile and effects of clinical state. Neuropsychology. 2009;23(5):551–562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Joseph MF, Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA, Soares JC. A quantitative and qualitative review of neurocognitive performance in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;18(6):595–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Martínez-Arán A, Vieta E, Colom F, . Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients: implications for clinical and functional outcome. Bipolar Disord. 2004;6(3):224–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bora E, Yucel M, Pantelis C. Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their first-degree relatives. J Affect Disord. 2009;113(1–2):1–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barbour KA, Edenfield TM, Blumenthal JA. Exercise as a treatment for depression and other psychiatric disorders: a review. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2007;27(6):359–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(1):58–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Blair SN, Morris JN. Healthy hearts–and the universal benefits of being physically active: physical activity and health. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(4):253–256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kramer AF, Erickson KI. Effects of physical activity on cognition, well-being, and brain: human interventions. Alzheimers Dement. 2007;3( 2 suppl):S45–S51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lautenschlager NT, Cox KL, Flicker L, . Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300(9):1027–1037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hillman CH, Pontifex MB, Raine LB, Castelli DM, Hall EE, Kramer AF. The effect of acute treadmill walking on cognitive control and academic achievement in preadolescent children. Neuroscience. 2009;159(3):1044–1054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Davis CL, Tomporowski PD, Boyle CA, . Effects of aerobic exercise on overweight children's cognitive functioning: a randomized controlled trial. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2007;78(5):510–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Masley S, Roetzheim R, Gualtieri T. Aerobic exercise enhances cognitive flexibility. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2009;16(2):186–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Aberg MA, Pedersen NL, Toren K, . Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(49):20906–20911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kramer AF, Hahn S, Cohen NJ, . Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature. 1999;400(6743):418–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci. 2003;14(2):125–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Angevaren M, Aufdemkampe G, Verhaar HJ, Aleman A, Vanhees L. Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD005381
   Google Scholar
• . Hillman CH, Kramer AF, Belopolsky AV, Smith DP. A cross-sectional examination of age and physical activity on performance and event-related brain potentials in a task switching paradigm. Int J Psychophysiol. 2006;59(1):30–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kubesch S, Bretschneider V, Freudenmann R, . Aerobic endurance exercise improves executive functions in depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(9):1005–1012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Clark L, Chamberlain SR, Sahakian BJ. Neurocognitive mechanisms in depression: implications for treatment. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2009;32:57–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . van PH, Shubert T, Zhao C, Gage FH. Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. J Neurosci. 2005;25(38):8680–8685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Radak Z, Toldy A, Szabo Z, . The effects of training and detraining on memory, neurotrophins and oxidative stress markers in rat brain. Neurochem Int. 2006;49(4):387–392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . O'Callaghan RM, Ohle R, Kelly AM. The effects of forced exercise on hippocampal plasticity in the rat: a comparison of LTP, spatial- and non-spatial learning. Behav Brain Res. 2007;176(2):362–366
   Google Scholar
• . Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. Physical activity and the maintenance of cognition: learning from animal models. Alzheimers Dement. 2007;3( 2 suppl):S30–S37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie LA. Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci. 2007;30(9):464–472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Weuve J, Kang JH, Manson JE, Breteler MM, Ware JH, Grodstein F. Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women. JAMA. 2004;292(12):1454–1461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Floel A, Ruscheweyh R, Kruger K, . Physical activity and memory functions: are neurotrophins and cerebral gray matter volume the missing link? Neuroimage. 2010;49(3):2756–2763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ruscheweyh R, Willemer C, Kruger K, . Physical activity and memory functions: an interventional study [published online ahead of print August 27, 2009]. Neurobiol Aging.
   Google Scholar
• . Shay KA, Roth DL. Association between aerobic fitness and visuo-spatial performance in healthy older adults. Psychol Aging. 1992;7(1):15–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barnes DE, Yaffe K, Satariano WA, Tager IB. A longitudinal study of cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function in healthy older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51(4):459–465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Roth DL, Goode KT, Clay OJ, Ball KK. Association of physical activity and visual attention in older adults. J Aging Health. 2003;15(3):534–547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Daley A. Exercise and depression: a review of reviews. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2008;15(2):140–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Perraton LG, Kumar S, Machotka Z. Exercise parameters in the treatment of clinical depression: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Eval Clin Pract. 2010;16(3):597–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cassilhas RC, Antunes HK, Tufik S, de Mello MT. Mood, anxiety, and serum IGF-1 in elderly men given 24 weeks of high resistance exercise. Percept Mot Skills. 2010;110(1):265–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Moore KA, . Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(19):2349–2356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Babyak M, Blumenthal JA, Herman S, . Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months. Psychosom Med. 2000;62(5):633–638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ng F, Dodd S, Berk M. The effects of physical activity in the acute treatment of bipolar disorder: a pilot study. J Affect Disord. 2007;101(1–3):259–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wright KA, Everson-Hock ES, Taylor AH. The effects of physical activity on physical and mental health among individuals with bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Ment Health Phys Act. 2009;2(2):86–94
   Google Scholar
• . Shah A, Alshaher M, Dawn B, . Exercise tolerance is reduced in bipolar illness. J Affect Disord. 2007;104(1–3):191–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Malhi GS, Ivanovski B, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Mitchell PB, Vieta E, Sachdev P. Neuropsychological deficits and functional impairment in bipolar depression, hypomania and euthymia. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9(1–2):114–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hoffman BM, Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, . Exercise fails to improve neurocognition in depressed middle-aged and older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(7):1344–1352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pajonk FG, Wobrock T, Gruber O, . Hippocampal plasticity in response to exercise in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(2):133–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gruber SA, Rogowska J, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Decreased activation of the anterior cingulate in bipolar patients: an f MRI study. J Affect Disord. 2004;82(2):191–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF, Erickson KI, . Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(9):3316–3321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Themanson JR, Hillman CH. Cardiorespiratory fitness and acute aerobic exercise effects on neuroelectric and behavioral measures of action monitoring. Neuroscience. 2006;141(2):757–767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Scalf PE, . Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(11):1166–1170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Squire LR, Stark CE, Clark RE. The medial temporal lobe. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2004;27:279–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Savitz J, Drevets WC. Bipolar and major depressive disorder: neuroimaging the developmental-degenerative divide. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009;33(5):699–771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Glahn DC, Robinson JL, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, . Fronto-temporal dysregulation in asymptomatic bipolar I patients: a paired associate functional MRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2010;31(7):1041–1051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Whalley HC, McKirdy J, Romaniuk L, . Functional imaging of emotional memory in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11(8):840–856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pereira AC, Huddleston DE, Brickman AM, . An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(13):5638–5643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ferris LT, Williams JS, Shen CL. The effect of acute exercise on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and cognitive function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(4):728–734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nindl BC, Pierce JR. Insulin-like growth factor I as a biomarker of health, fitness, and training status. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(1):39–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pan W, Banks WA, Fasold MB, Bluth J, Kastin AJ. Transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor across the blood-brain barrier. Neuropharmacology. 1998;37(12):1553–1561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schabitz WR, Schneider A. New targets for established proteins: exploring G-CSF for the treatment of stroke. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2007;28(4):157–161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Vaynman S, Gomez-Pinilla F. Revenge of the “sit”: how lifestyle impacts neuronal and cognitive health through molecular systems that interface energy metabolism with neuronal plasticity. J Neurosci Res. 2006;84(4):699–715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dias VV, Brissos S, Frey BN, Andreazza AC, Cardoso C, Kapczinski F. Cognitive function and serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11(6):663–671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Post RM. Role of BDNF in bipolar and unipolar disorder: clinical and theoretical implications. J Psychiatr Res. 2007;41(12):979–990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lista I, Sorrentino G. Biological mechanisms of physical activity in preventing cognitive decline. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2010;30(4):493–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Alsuwaidan MT, Kucyi A, Law CW, McIntyre RS. Exercise and bipolar disorder: a review of neurobiological mediators. Neuromolecular Med. 2009;11(4):328–336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Soczynska JK, Kennedy SH, Goldstein BI, Lachowski A, Woldeyohannes HO, McIntyre RS. The effect of tumor necrosis factor antagonists on mood and mental health-associated quality of life: novel hypothesis-driven treatments for bipolar depression? Neurotoxicology. 2009;30(4):497–521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kapczinski F, Vieta E, Andreazza AC, . Allostatic load in bipolar disorder: implications for pathophysiology and treatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32(4):675–692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Frosig C, Richter EA. Improved insulin sensitivity after exercise: focus on insulin signaling. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17( suppl 3):S15–S20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bullitt E, Rahman FN, Smith JK, . The effect of exercise on the cerebral vasculature of healthy aged subjects as visualized by MR angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(10):1857–1863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Critchley HD, Mathias CJ, Josephs O, . Human cingulate cortex and autonomic control: converging neuroimaging and clinical evidence. Brain. 2003;126(pt 10):2139–2152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rektor I, Kaiiovsky P, Bares M, . A SEEG study of ERP in motor and premotor cortices and in the basal ganglia. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(3):463–471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rihet P, Possamai CA, Micallef-Roll J, Blin O, Hasbroucq T. Dopamine and human information processing: a reaction-time analysis of the effect of levodopa in healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002;163(1):62–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Robbins TW. The 5-choice serial reaction time task: behavioural pharmacology and functional neurochemistry. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002;163(3–4):362–380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Foley TE, Fleshner M. Neuroplasticity of dopamine circuits after exercise: implications for central fatigue. Neuromolecular Med. 2008;10(2):67–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dunn AL, Dishman RK. Exercise and the neurobiology of depression. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1991;19:41–98
   PubMedGoogle Scholar