Overcoming qEEG Abnormalities and Reward Gene Deficits during Protracted Abstinence in Male Psychostimulant and Polydrug Abusers Utilizing Putative Dopamine D₂ Agonist Therapy: Part 2

References

• . Schulden JD, Thomas YF, Compton WM. Substance abuse in the United States: findings from recent epidemiologic studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2009;11(5):353–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Miller NS, Gold MS. Dissociation of “conscious desire” (craving) from and relapse in alcohol and cocaine dependence. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1994;6(2):99–106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Degenhardt L, Chiu WT, Sampson N, . Toward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use: findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. PLoS Med. 2008;5(7):e141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Newton TF, Cook IA, Kalechstein AD, . Quantitative EEG abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine dependent individuals. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(3):410–415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Roemer RA, Cornwell A, Dewart D, Jackson P, Ercegovac DV. Quantitative electroencephalographic analyses in cocaine-preferring polysubstance abusers during abstinence. Psychiatry Res. 1995;58(3):247–257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Alper KR, Prichep LS, Kowalik S, Rosenthal MS, John ER. Persistent QEEG abnormality in crack cocaine users at 6 months of drug abstinence. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998;19(1):1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Reid MS, Flammino F, Howard B, Nilsen D, Prichep LS. Topographic imaging of quantitative EEG in response to smoked cocaine self-administration in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31(4):872–884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lehtovirta M, Partanen J, Könönen M, . A longitudinal quantitative EEG study of Alzheimer's disease: relation to apolipoprotein E polymorphism. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2000;11(1):29–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Jelic V, Julin P, Shigeta M, . Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele decreases functional connectivity in Alzheimer's disease as measured by EEG coherence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;63(1):59–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Noble EP, Blum K, Khalsa ME, . Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1993;33(3):271–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Allison D, Trachtenberg MC, Williams RW, Loeblich LA. Reduction of both drug hunger and withdrawal against advice rate of cocaine abusers in a 30 day inpatient treatment program by the neuronutrient Tropamine. Curr Ther Res. 1988;43:1204–1214
   Google Scholar
• . Blum K, Chen TJH, Downs BW, . Synaptose (SG8839), an amino-acid enkephalinase inhibition nutraceutical improves recovery of alcoholics, a subtype of reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). Trends Appl Sci Res. 2007;2(2):132–138
   Google Scholar
• . Blum K, Trachtenberg ML, Cook DW. Neuronutrient effects on weight loss in carbohydrate bingers: an open clinical trial. Curr Ther Res. 1990;48(2):217–233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Blum K, Trachtenberg MC, Ramsay JC. Improvement of inpatient treatment of the alcoholic as a function of neurotransmitter restoration: a pilot study. Int J Addict. 1988;23(9):991–998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Miller D, Bowirrat AB, Manka M, . Acute intravenous Synaptamine Complex Variant KB220™ “normalizes” neurological dysregulation in patients during protracted abstinence from alcohol and opiates as observed using quantitative electroencephalographic and genetic analysis for reward polymorphisms: part 1, pilot study with 2 case reports. Postgrad Med. In press
   Google Scholar
• . Blum K, Chen AL, Chen TJ, . Putative targeting of dopamine D2 receptor function in Reward deficiency Syndrome (RDS) by Synaptose Complex Variant (KB220-Z): clinical trial showing anti-anxiety effects. Gene Ther Mol Biol. In press
   Google Scholar
• . Blum K, Chen AL, Chen TJ, . LG839: anti-obesity effects and polymorphic gene correlates of reward deficiency syndrome. Adv Ther. 2008;25(9):894–913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Blum K, Chen TJ, Williams L, . A short term pilot open label study of LG839, a customized DNA directed nutraceutical in obesity: exploring nutrigenomics. Gene Ther Mol Biol. 2008;12:371–382
   Google Scholar
• . Blum K, Trachtenberg MC, Elliott CE, . Enkephalinase inhibition and precursor amino acid loading improves inpatient treatment of alcohol and polydrug abusers: double-blind placebo-controlled study of the nutritional adjunct SAAVE. Alcohol. 1988;5(6):481–493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Blum K, Trachtenberg MC, Ramsay JC. Improvement of inpatient treatment of the alcoholic as a function of neurotransmitter restoration: a pilot study. Int J Addict. 1988;23(9):991–998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Brown RJ, Blum K, Trachtenberg MC. Neurodynamics of relapse prevention: a neuronutrient approach to outpatient DUI offenders. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1990;22(2):173–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Anchordoquy HC, McGeary C, Liu L, Krauter KS, Smolen A. Geno-typing of three candidate genes following whole genome preamplification of DNA collected from buccal cells. Behav Genet. 2003;33(1):73–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Haberstick BC, Lessem JM, Hopfer CJ, . Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotype and antisocial behaviors in the presence of childhood and adolescent maltreatment. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 135B(1):59–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Haberstick BC, Smolen A. Genotyping of three single nucleotide polymorphisms following whole genome preamplification of DNA collected from buccal cells. Behav Genet. 34(5):541–547
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Vandenbergh DJ, Perisco AM, Hawkins AL, . Human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) maps to chromosome 5p15.3 and displays a VNTR. Genomics. 1992;14(4):1104–1106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Van Tol HH, Wu CM, Guan HC, . Multiple dopamine D4 receptor variants in the human population. Nature. 1992;358(6382):149–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lerman C, Caporaso N, Main D, . Depression and self-medication with nicotine: the modifying influence of the dopamine D4 receptor gene. Health Psychol. 1998;17(1):56–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sabol SZ, Hu S, Hamer D. A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter. Hum Genet. 1998;103(3):273–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt TE, . Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science. 2002;297(5582):851–854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Heils A, Teufel A, Petri S, . Allelic variation of the human serotonin transporter gene expression. J Neurochem. 1996;66(6):2621–2624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, . Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science. 1996;274(5292):1527–1531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hu X, Oroszi G, Chun J, . An expanded evaluation of the relationship of four alleles to the level of response to alcohol and the alcoholism risk. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res. 2005;29:8–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Guerini FR, Manca S, Sotgiu S, . A family based linkage analysis of HLA and 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphisms in Sardinian children with autism spectrum disorder. Hum Immunol. 2006;67(1–2):108–117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Pohjalainen T, Rinne JO, Nagren K, . The A1 allele of the human D2 dopamine receptor gene predicts low D2 receptor availability in healthy volunteers. Mol Psychiatry. 1998;3(3):256–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Männistö PT, Kaakkola S. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy of the new selective COMT inhibitors. Pharm Rev. 199; 51(4):593–628
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Akil M, Kolachana BS, Rothmond DA, Hyde TM, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE. Catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype and dopamine regulation in the human brain. J Neurosc. 2003;23:2008–2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Blum K, Chen TJ, Chen AL, . Dopamine D2 receptor Taq A1 allele predicts treatment compliance of LG839 in a subset analysis of pilot study in the Netherlands. Gene Ther Mol Biol. 2008;12:129–140
   Google Scholar
• . Lawford BR, Young RM, Rowell JA, . Bromocriptine in the treatment of alcoholics with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele. Nat Med. 1995;1(4):337–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ooteman W, Naassila M, Koeter MW, . Predicting the effect of naltrexone and acamprosate in alcohol-dependent patients using genetic indicators. Addict Biol. 2009;14(3):328–337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dackis CA, Gold MS. New concepts in cocaine addiction: the dopamine depletion hypothesis. Neurosci Bio Rev. 1985;9(3):469–477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bowirrat A, Oscar-Berman M. Relationship between dopaminergic transmission, alcoholism, and reward deficiency syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatric Genet. 2005;132B:29–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Noble EP, Blum K, Ritchie T, Montgomery A, Sheridan PJ. Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with receptor binding characteristics in alcoholism. Arch Gen Psych. 1991;48(7):648–654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chen AL, Blum K, Chen TJ, . The impact of biomics technology and DNA directed anti-obesity targeting of the brain reward circuitry. Gene Ther Mol Biol. 2008;12:45–68
   Google Scholar
• . Trachtenberg MC, Blum K. Improvement of cocaine-induced neuro-modulator deficits by the neuronutrient Tropamine. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1988;20(3):315–331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Stice E, Spoor S, Bohon C, Small DM. Relation between obesity and blunted striatal response to food is moderated by TaqIA A1 allele. Science. 2008;322(5900):449–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Blum K, Chen TJ, Meshkin B, . Genotrim, a DNA-customized nutrigenomic product, targets genetic factors of obesity: hypothesizing a dopamine-glucose correlation demonstrating reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(4):844–852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Conner BT, Hellemann GS, Ritchie TL, Noble EP. Genetic, personality, and environmental predictors of drug use in adolescents. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2010;38(2):178–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zaykin DV, Young SS. Large recursive partitioning analysis of complex disease pharmacogenetic studies. 11. Statistical considerations. Pharmacogentics. 2005;6:77–89
   Google Scholar
• . De Courten-Myers GM. The human cerebral cortex: Gender differences in structure and function. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1999;58:217–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Blum K, Stice E, Liu Y, . “Dopamine Resistance” in brain reward circuitry as a function of reward gene polymorphisms in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Synaptamine complex variant [KB220 and KB220Z] induced “Dopamine Sensitivity” and anti-craving behavior. Abstract presented at: Addictions Conference (Elsevier); October 28–30, 2010; Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• . Acri JB, Thompson AC, Shippenberg T. Modulation of pre- and postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptor function by the selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist U69593. Synapse. 2001;39(4):343–350
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rouillard C, Bédard PJ, Falardeau P, Dipaolo T. Behavioral and biochemical evidence for a different effect of repeated administration of L-dopa and bromocriptine on denervated versus non-denervated striatal dopamine receptors. Neuropharmacology. 1987;26:1601–1606
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lefkowitz DL, Stuart R, Gnade BT, Roberts E, Lefkowitz SS. Effects of a glyconutrient on macrophage functions. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2000;22(4):299–308
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Blum K, Giordano J, Morse S, . Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) analysis: Exploratory development of polymorphic risk alleles in poly-drug addicted males. IIOABJ. 2010;1(2):1–14
   Google Scholar
• . Nomikos GG. Individualizing drug addiction: a test of low dopamine and high risk. IIOABJ. 2010;1(3):1–2
   Google Scholar