Degenerative Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Understanding Basic Concepts and New Developments

References

• . Klein AL, Burstow DJ, Tajik AJ, . Age-related prevalence of valvular regurgitation in normal subjects: a comprehensive color flow examination of 118 volunteers. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1990;3(1):54–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Iung B, Vahanian A. Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in the adult [published online ahead of print January 25, 2011]. Nat Rev Cardiol
   Google Scholar
• . Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, Gottdiener JS, Scott CG, Enriquez-Sarano M. Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study. Lancet. 2006;368(9540):1005–1011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Olson LJ, Subramanian R, Ackermann DM, Orszulak TA, Edwards WD. Surgical pathology of the mitral valve: a study of 712 cases spanning 21 years. Mayo Clin Proc. 1987;62(1):22–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Enriquez-Sarano M, Basmadjian AJ, Rossi A, Bailey KR, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Progression of mitral regurgitation: a prospective Doppler echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:1137–1144
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ling LH, Enriquez-Sarano M, Seward JB, . Clinical outcome of mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(19):1417–1423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Grande-Allen KJ, Griffin BP, Ratliff NB, Cosgrove DM, Vesely I. Glycosaminoglycan profiles of myxomatous mitral leaflets and chordae parallel the severity of mechanical alterations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(2):271–277
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Baker PB, Bansal G, Boudoulas H, Kolibash AJ, Kilman J, Wooley CF. Floppy mitral valve chordae tendineae: histopathologic alterations. Hum Pathol. 1988;19(5):507–512
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rabkin E, Aikawa M, Stone JR, Fukumoto Y, Libby P, Schoen FJ. Activated interstitial myofibroblasts express catabolic enzymes and mediate matrix remodeling in myxomatous heart valves. Circulation. 2001;104(21):2525–2532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barlow JB, Bosman CK, Pocock WA, Marchand P. Late systolic murmurs and non-ejection (“mid-late”) systolic clicks. An analysis of 90 patients. Br Heart J. 1968;30:203–218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hickey AJ, Wilcken DE, Wright JS, Warren BA. Primary (spontaneous) chordal rupture: relation to myxomatous valve disease and mitral valve prolapse. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5(6):1341–1346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Disse S, Abergel E, Berrebi A, . Mapping of a first locus for autosomal dominant myxomatous mitral-valve prolapse to chromosome 16p11.2-p12.1. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;65(5):1242–1251
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Trochu JN, Kyndt F, Schott JJ, . Clinical characteristics of a familial inherited myxomatous valvular dystrophy mapped to Xq28. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(7):1890–1897
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Freed LA, Acierno JS Jr, Dai D, . A locus for autosomal dominant mitral valve prolapse on chromosome 11p15.4. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;72(6):1551–1559
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Desjardins VA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Bailey KR, Seward JB. Intensity of murmurs correlates with severity of valvular regurgitation. Am J Med. 1996;100(2):149–156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Michelena HI, Bichara VM, Margaryan E, . Progress in the treatment of severe mitral regurgitation. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2010;63(7):820–831
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Grose R, Strain J, Cohen MV. Pulmonary arterial V waves in mitral regurgitation: clinical and experimental observations. Circulation. 1984;69(2):214–222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Stout KK, Verrier ED. Acute valvular regurgitation. Circulation. 2009;119(25):3232–3241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Braunwald E, Awe WC. The syndrome of severe mitral regurgitation with normal left atrial pressure. Circulation. 1963;27:29–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Enriquez-Sarano M, Hannachi M, Jais JM, Acar J. [Hemodynamic and angiographic results following surgical correction of mitral insufficiency. Apropos of 51 repeated catheterizations]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1983;76(10):1194–1203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wisenbaugh T, Spann JF, Carabello BA. Differences in myocardial performance and load between patients with similar amounts of chronic aortic versus chronic mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;3(4):916–923
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Starling MR, Kirsh MM, Montgomery DG, Gross MD. Impaired left ventricular contractile function in patients with long-term mitral regurgitation and normal ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22(1):239–250
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Urabe Y, Mann DL, Kent RL, . Cellular and ventricular contractile dysfunction in experimental canine mitral regurgitation. Circ Res. 1992;70(1):131–147
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Messika-Zeitoun D, Johnson BD, Nkomo V, . Cardiopulmonary exercise testing determination of functional capacity in mitral regurgitation: physiologic and outcome implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(12):2521–2527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Grigioni F, Tribouilloy C, Avierinos JF, ; MIDA Investigators.Outcomes in mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflets a multicenter European study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;1(2):133–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Enriquez-Sarano M, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA, Tajik AJ, Bailey KR, Frye RL. Valve repair improves the outcome of surgery for mitral regurgitation. A multivariate analysis. Circulation. 1995;91(4):1022–1028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C, . ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2006;114(5):e84–e231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gammie JS, O'Brien SM, Griffith BP, Ferguson TB, Peterson ED. Influence of hospital procedural volume on care process and mortality for patients undergoing elective surgery for mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2007;115(7):881–887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Enriquez-Sarano M, Loulmet DF, Burkhoff D. The conundrum of functional mitral regurgitation in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(4):487–489
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Avierinos JF, Gersh BJ, Melton LJ 3rd, . Natural history of asymptomatic mitral valve prolapse in the community. Circulation. 2002;106(11):1355–1361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Grigioni F, Avierinos JF, Ling LH, . Atrial fibrillation complicating the course of degenerative mitral regurgitation: determinants and long-term outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(1):84–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Ling LH, . Sudden death in mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34(7):2078–2085
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Montant P, Chenot F, Robert A, . Long-term survival in asymptomatic patients with severe degenerative mitral regurgitation: a propensity score-based comparison between an early surgical strategy and a conservative treatment approach. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;138(6):1339–1348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos JF, Messika-Zeitoun D, . Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(9):875–883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rosen SE, Borer JS, Hochreiter C, . Natural history of the asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic patient with severe mitral regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse and normal right and left ventricular performance. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74(4):374–380
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kang DH, Kim JH, Rim JH, . Comparison of early surgery versus conventional treatment in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2009;119(6):797–804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rosenhek R, Rader F, Klaar U, . Outcome of watchful waiting in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2006;113(18):2238–2244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Avierinos JF, Inamo J, Grigioni F, Gersh B, Shub C, Enriquez-Sarano M. Sex differences in morphology and outcomes of mitral valve prolapse. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(11):787–795
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ling LH, Enriquez-Sarano M, Seward JB, . Early surgery in patients with mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflets: a long-term outcome study. Circulation. 1997;96(6):1819–1825
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Gillam LD, Schwartz A. Primum non nocere: the case for watchful waiting in asymptomatic “severe” degenerative mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2010;121(6):813–821
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Mohty D, Orszulak TA, Schaff HV, Avierinos JF, Tajik JA, Enriquez-Sarano M. Very long-term survival and durability of mitral valve repair for mitral valve prolapse. Circulation. 2001;104(12 suppl 1):I1–I7
   Google Scholar
• . Pizarro R, Bazzino OO, Oberti PF, . Prospective validation of the prognostic usefulness of brain natriuretic peptide in asymptomatic patients with chronic severe mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(12):1099–1106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Enriquez-Sarano M, Sundt TM 3rd. Early surgery is recommended for mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2010;121(6):804–811; discussion 812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Vahanian A, Baumgartner H, Bax J, ; Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology; ESC Committtee for Practice Guidelines. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease: The Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:230–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bach DS, Awais M, Gurm HS, Kohnstamm S. Failure of guideline adherence for intervention in patients with severe mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(9):860–865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mirabel M, Iung B, Baron G, . What are the characteristics of patients with severe, symptomatic, mitral regurgitation who are denied surgery? Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1358–1365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tribouilloy CM, Enriquez-Sarano M, Schaff HV, . Impact of preoperative symptoms on survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation: rationale for optimizing surgical indications. Circulation. 1999;99(3):400–405
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bech-Hanssen O, Ryden T, Schersten H, Oden A, Nilsson F, Jeppsson A. Mortality after mitral regurgitation surgery: importance of clinical and echocardiographic variables. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;24(5):723–730
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . David TE, Ivanov J, Armstrong S, Rakowski H. Late outcomes of mitral valve repair for floppy valves: implications for asymptomatic patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125(5):1143–1152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gillinov AM, Mihaljevic T, Blackstone EH, . Should patients with severe degenerative mitral regurgitation delay surgery until symptoms develop? Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90(2):481–488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA, Bailey KR, Frye RL. Echocardiographic prediction of survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 1994;90(2):830–837
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lee EM, Shapiro LM, Wells FC. Mortality and morbidity after mitral valve repair: the importance of left ventricular dysfunction. J Heart Valve Dis. 1995;4(5):460–468; discussion 469–470
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Crawford MH, Souchek J, Oprian CA, . Determinants of survival and left ventricular performance after mitral valve replacement. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Valvular Heart Disease. Circulation. 1990;81(4):1173–1181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . David TE, Ivanov J, Armstrong S, Christie D, Rakowski H. A comparison of outcomes of mitral valve repair for degenerative disease with posterior, anterior, and bileaflet prolapse. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130(5):1242–1249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Tribouilloy C, Grigioni F, Avierinos JF, . Survival implication of left ventricular end-systolic diameter in mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflets a long-term follow-up multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(21):1961–1968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barbieri A, Bursi F, Grigioni F, ; Mitral Regurgitation International Database (MIDA) Investigators. Prognostic and therapeutic implications of pulmonary hypertension complicating degenerative mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet: A Multicenter Long-term International Study [published online ahead of print September 8, 2010]. Eur Heart J
   Google Scholar
• . Krauss J, Pizarro R, Oberti PF, Falconi M, Cagide A. Prognostic implication of valvular lesion and left ventricular size in asymptomatic patients with chronic organic mitral regurgitation and normal left ventricular performance. Am Heart J. 2006;152(5):1004.e1–e8
   Google Scholar
• . Messika-Zeitoun D, Bellamy M, Avierinos JF, . Left atrial remodelling in mitral regurgitation—methodologic approach, physiological determinants, and outcome implications: a prospective quantitative Doppler-echocardiographic and electron beam-computed tomographic study. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(14):1773–1781
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Le Tourneau T, Messika-Zeitoun D, Russo A, . Impact of left atrial volume on clinical outcome in organic mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(7):570–578
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Detaint D, Messika-Zeitoun D, Avierinos JF, . B-type natriuretic peptide in organic mitral regurgitation: determinants and impact on outcome. Circulation. 2005;111(18):2391–2397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, ; American Society of Echocardiography. Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16(7):777–802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar