37
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Focus: Cardiovascular Events

Recent Developments in the Management of Patients at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death

, MB, BChir, , PhD & , BA
Pages 84-94 | Published online: 13 Mar 2015

References

  • . National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators for arrhythmias www.nice.org.uk/TA095. 2006:1–33. Accessed February 7, 2011
  • . Kannel WB, Cupples LA, D'Agostino RB. Sudden death risk in overt coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1987;113(6):799–804
  • . Willich SN, Levy D, Rocco MB, Tofler GH, Stone PH, Muller JE. Circadian variation in the incidence of sudden cardiac death in the Framingham Heart Study population. Am J Cardiol. 1987;60(10):801–806
  • . Behr E, Wood DA, Wright M, . Cardiological assessment of first-degree relatives in sudden arrhythmic death syndrome. Lancet. 2003;362(9394):1457–1459
  • . Tung RT, Shen WK, Hammill SC, Gersh BJ. Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1994;17(8):1405–1412
  • . Viskin S, Belhassen B. Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Am Heart J. 1990;120(3):661–671
  • . Donohue D, Tehrani F, Jamehdor R, Lam C, Movahed MR. The prevalence of Brugada ECG in adult patients in a large university hospital in the western United States. Am Heart Hosp J. 2008;6(1):48–50
  • . Alings M, Wilde A. “Brugada” syndrome: clinical data and suggested pathophysiological mechanism. Circulation. 1999;99(5):666–673
  • . Chen Q, Kirsch GE, Zhang D, . Genetic basis and molecular mechanism for idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Nature. 1998;392(6673):293–296
  • . London B, Michalec M, Mehdi H, . Mutation in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 like gene (GPD1-L) decreases cardiac Na+ current and causes inherited arrhythmias. Circulation. 2007;116(20):2260–2268
  • . Takimoto K, Li D, Nerbonne JM, Levitan ES. Distribution, splicing and glucocorticoid-induced expression of cardiac alpha 1C and alpha 1D voltage-gated Ca2+ channel mRNAs. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1997;29(11):3035–3042
  • . Van Petegem F, Clark KA, Chatelain FC, Minor DL Jr. Structure of a complex between a voltage-gated calcium channel beta-subunit and an alpha-subunit domain. Nature. 2004;429(6992):671–675
  • . Watanabe H, Koopmann TT, Le Scouarnec S, . Sodium channel beta1 subunit mutations associated with Brugada syndrome and cardiac conduction disease in humans. J Clin Invest. 2008;118(6):2260–2268
  • . Meadows LS, Isom LL. Sodium channels as macromolecular complexes: implications for inherited arrhythmia syndromes. Cardiovasc Res. 2005;67(3):448–458
  • . Abbott GW, Sesti F, Splawski I, . MiRP1 forms IKr potassium channels with HERG and is associated with cardiac arrhythmia. Cell. 1999;97(2):175–187
  • . Antzelevitch C. Ion channels and ventricular arrhythmias: cellular and ionic mechanisms underlying the Brugada syndrome. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1999;14(3):274–279
  • . Nagase S, Kusano KF, Morita H, . Epicardial electrogram of the right ventricular outflow tract in patients with the Brugada syndrome: using the epicardial lead. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1992–1995
  • . Martin CA, Zhang Y, Grace AA, Huang CL. Increased right ventricular repolarization gradients promote arrhythmogenesis in a murine model of Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21:1153–1159
  • . Matthews GD, Martin CA, Grace AA, Zhang Y, Huang CL. Regional variations in action potential alternans in isolated murine Scn5a(+/−) hearts during dynamic pacing. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2010;200(2):129–146
  • . Vincent GM. Long QT syndrome. Cardiol Clin. 2000;18(2):309–325
  • . January CT, Riddle JM. Early afterdepolarizations: mechanism of induction and block. A role for L-type Ca2+ current. Circ Res. 1989;64(5):977–990
  • . Napolitano C, Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, . Genetic testing in the long QT syndrome: development and validation of an efficient approach to genotyping in clinical practice. JAMA. 2005;294(23):2975–2980
  • . Liu N, Ruan Y, Priori SG. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;51(1):23–30
  • . Swan H, Piippo K, Viitasalo M, . Arrhythmic disorder mapped to chromosome 1q42-q43 causes malignant polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in structurally normal hearts. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34(7):2035–2042
  • . Priori SG, Napolitano C, Tiso N, . Mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene (hRyR2) underlie catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 2001;103(2):196–200
  • . Marks AR, Priori S, Memmi M, Kontula K, Laitinen PJ. Involvement of the cardiac ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Cell Physiol. 2002;190(1):1–6
  • . Lahat H, Eldar M, Levy-Nissenbaum E, . Autosomal recessive catecholamine- or exercise-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: clinical features and assignment of the disease gene to chromosome 1 p13–21. Circulation. 2001;103(23):2822–2827
  • . Priori SG, Napolitano C, Memmi M, . Clinical and molecular characterization of patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 2002;106(1):69–74
  • . Mohler PJ, Splawski I, Napolitano C, . A cardiac arrhythmia syndrome caused by loss of ankyrin-B function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(24):9137–9142
  • . Bhuiyan ZA, Hamdan MA, Shamsi ET, . A novel early onset lethal form of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia maps to chromosome 7p14-p22. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(10):1060–1066
  • . Leenhardt A, Lucet V, Denjoy I, Grau F, Ngoc DD, Coumel P. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in children. A 7-year follow-up of 21 patients. Circulation. 1995;91(5):1512–1519
  • . Jiang D, Wang R, Xiao B, . Enhanced store overload-induced Ca2+ release and channel sensitivity to luminal Ca2+ activation are common defects of RyR2 mutations linked to ventricular tachycardia and sudden death. Circ Res. 2005;97(11):1173–1181
  • . Lehnart SE, Wehrens XH, Laitinen PJ, . Sudden death in familial polymorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor) leak. Circulation. 2004;109(25):3208–3214
  • . Liu N, Colombi B, Memmi M, . Arrhythmogenesis in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: insights from a RyR2 R4496C knock-in mouse model. Circ Res. 2006;99(3):292–298
  • . Knollmann BC, Chopra N, Hlaing T, . Casq2 deletion causes sarcoplasmic reticulum volume increase, premature Ca2+ release, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(9):2510–2520
  • . Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Brugada J, Brugada R. Brugada syndrome: from cell to bedside. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2005;30(1):9–54
  • . Morita H, Morita ST, Nagase S, . Ventricular arrhythmia induced by sodium channel blocker in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(9):1624–1631
  • . Itoh H, Shimizu M, Ino H, ; Hokuriku Brugada Study Group. Arrhythmias in patients with Brugada-type electrocardiographic findings. Jpn Circ J. 2001;65(5):483–486
  • . Amin AS, de Groot EA, Ruijter JM, Wilde AA, Tan HL. Exercise-induced ECG changes in Brugada syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2(5):531–539
  • . Wilde AA, Antzelevitch C, Borggrefe M, . Proposed diagnostic criteria for the Brugada syndrome: consensus report. Circulation. 2002;106(19):2514–2519
  • . Antzelevitch C, Brugada R. Fever and Brugada syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2002;25(11):1537–1539
  • . Miyazaki T, Mitamura H, Miyoshi S, Soejima K, Aizawa Y, Ogawa S. Autonomic and antiarrhythmic drug modulation of ST segment elevation in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27(5):1061–1070
  • . Hedley PL, Jorgensen P, Schlamowitz S, . The genetic basis of Brugada syndrome: a mutation update. Hum Mutat. 2009;30(9):1256–1266
  • . Srivathsan K, Lester SJ, Appleton CP, Scott LR, Munger TM. Ventricular tachycardia in the absence of structural heart disease. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005;5(2):106–121
  • . Roden DM, Anderson ME. The pause that refreshes, or does it? Mechanisms in torsades de pointes. Heart. 2000;84(3):235–237
  • . Schwartz PJ, Moss AJ, Vincent GM, Crampton RS. Diagnostic criteria for the long QT syndrome. An update. Circulation. 1993;88(2):782–784
  • . Vincent GM, Timothy K, Fox J, Zhang L. The inherited long QT syndrome: from ion channel to bedside. Cardiol Rev. 1999;7(1):44–55
  • . Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Spazzolini C, . Genotype-phenotype correlation in the long-QT syndrome: gene-specific triggers for life-threatening arrhythmias. Circulation. 2001;103(1):89–95
  • . Bai R, Napolitano C, Bloise R, Monteforte N, Priori SG. Yield of genetic screening in inherited cardiac channelopathies: how to prioritize access to genetic testing. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2(1):6–15
  • . Sacher F, Probst V, Iesaka Y, . Outcome after implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with Brugada syndrome: a multicenter study. Circulation. 2006;114(22):2317–2324
  • . Brugada P, Brugada R, Brugada J. Sudden death in patients and relatives with the syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation in the precordial leads V(1)to V(3)and sudden death. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(4):321–326
  • . Priori SG, Napolitano C, Gasparini M, . Natural history of Brugada syndrome: insights for risk stratification and management. Circulation. 2002;105(11):1342–1347
  • . Eckardt L, Kirchhof P, Schulze-Bahr E, . Electrophysiologic investigation in Brugada syndrome; yield of programmed ventricular stimulation at two ventricular sites with up to three premature beats. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(17):1394–1401
  • . Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, . Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Circulation. 2005;111(5):659–670
  • . Belhassen B, Glick A, Viskin S. Efficacy of quinidine in high-risk patients with Brugada syndrome. Circulation. 2004;110(13):1731–1737
  • . Viskin S, Wilde AA, Tan HL, Antzelevitch C, Shimizu W, Belhassen B. Empiric quinidine therapy for asymptomatic Brugada syndrome: time for a prospective registry. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6(3):401–404
  • . Le Marec H, Probst V. BRD 06/2-D (Quidam) Evaluation of the Interest of Oral Hydroquinidine Administration to Treat Patients With Brugada Syndrome, High Cardiac Arrhythmic Risk and Implanted With an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (NCT00927732). ClinicalTrials. gov. 2009. Accessed February 7, 2011
  • . Postema PG, Wolpert C, Amin AS, . Drugs and Brugada syndrome patients: review of the literature, recommendations, and an up-to-date website (www.brugadadrugs.org). Heart Rhythm. 2009;6(9): 1335–1341
  • . Zareba W, Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ, . Influence of genotype on the clinical course of the long-QT syndrome. International Long-QT Syndrome Registry Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(14):960–965
  • . Compton SJ, Lux RL, Ramsey MR, . Genetically defined therapy of inherited long-QT syndrome. Correction of abnormal repolarization by potassium. Circulation. 1996;94(5):1018–1022
  • . Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, . Effectiveness and limitations of beta-blocker therapy in congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2000;101(6):616–623
  • . Zareba W, Moss AJ, Daubert JP, Hall WJ, Robinson JL, Andrews M. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator in high-risk long QT syndrome patients. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14(4):337–341
  • . Goldenberg I, Moss AJ, Zareba W, . Clinical course and risk stratification of patients affected with the Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17:1161–1168
  • . Goldenberg I, Moss AJ, Peterson DR, . Risk factors for aborted cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death in children with the congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2008;117(17):2184–2191
  • . Goldenberg I, Moss AJ. Long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(24):2291–2300
  • . Ruan Y, Denegri M, Liu N, . Trafficking defects and gating abnormalities of a novel SCN5 A mutation question gene-specific therapy in long QT syndrome type 3. Circ Res. 2010;106(8):1374–1383
  • . Nakajima T, Kaneko Y, Taniguchi Y, . The mechanism of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia may be triggered activity due to delayed afterdepolarization. Eur Heart J. 1997;18(3):530–531
  • . Sumitomo N, Harada K, Nagashima M, . Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: electrocardiographic characteristics and optimal therapeutic strategies to prevent sudden death. Heart. 2003;89(1):66–70
  • . Swan H, Laitinen P, Kontula K, Toivonen L. Calcium channel antagonism reduces exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia patients with RyR2 mutations. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16(2):162–166
  • . Rosso R, Kalman JM, Rogowski O, . Calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers versus beta-blockers alone for preventing exercise-induced arrhythmias in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2007;4(9):1149–1154
  • . Watanabe H, Chopra N, Laver D, . Flecainide prevents catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in mice and humans. Nat Med. 2009;15(4):380–383
  • . Wilde AA, Bhuiyan ZA, Crotti L, . Left cardiac sympathetic denervation for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(19):2024–2029
  • . Gaita F, Giustetto C, Bianchi F, . Short QT syndrome: a familial cause of sudden death. Circulation. 2003;108(8):965–970
  • . Brugada R, Hong K, Dumaine R, . Sudden death associated with short-QT syndrome linked to mutations in HERG. Circulation. 2004;109(1):30–35
  • . Bellocq C, van Ginneken AC, Bezzina CR, . Mutation in the KCNQ1 gene leading to the short QT-interval syndrome. Circulation. 2004;109(20):2394–2397
  • . Priori SG, Pandit SV, Rivolta I, . A novel form of short QT syndrome (SQT3) is caused by a mutation in the KCNJ2 gene. Circ Res. 2005;96(7):800–807
  • . Antzelevitch C, Pollevick GD, Cordeiro JM, . Loss-of-function mutations in the cardiac calcium channel underlie a new clinical entity characterized by ST-segment elevation, short QT intervals, and sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 2007;115(4):442–449
  • . Gaita F, Giustetto C, Bianchi F, . Short QT syndrome: pharmacological treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1494–1499
  • . Haissaguerre M, Derval N, Sacher F, . Sudden cardiac arrest associated with early repolarization. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2016–2023
  • . Mehta M, Jain AC, Mehta A. Early repolarization. Clin Cardiol. 1999;22:59–65
  • . Yan GX, Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for the electrocardiographic J wave. Circulation. 1996;93(2):372–379
  • . Burashnikov E, Pfeiffer R, Barajas-Martinez H, . Mutations in the cardiac L-type calcium channel associated with inherited J-wave syndromes and sudden cardiac death. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(12):1872–1882
  • . Haissaguerre M, Chatel S, Sacher F, . Ventricular fibrillation with prominent early repolarization associated with a rare variant of KCNJ8/KATP channel. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20(1):93–98
  • . Tikkanen JT, Anttonen O, Junttila MJ, . Long-term outcome associated with early repolarization on electrocardiography. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(26):2529–2537
  • . Nam GB, Ko KH, Kim J, . Mode of onset of ventricular fibrillation in patients with early repolarization pattern vs. Brugada syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(3):330–339
  • . Merchant FM, Noseworthy PA, Weiner RB, Singh SM, Ruskin JN, Reddy VY. Ability of terminal QRS notching to distinguish benign from malignant electrocardiographic forms of early repolarization. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(10):1402–1406
  • . Schott JJ, Alshinawi C, Kyndt F, . Cardiac conduction defects associate with mutations in SCN5 A. Nat Genet. 1999;23(1):20–21
  • . Grant AO, Carboni MP, Neplioueva V, . Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and conduction system disease are linked to a single sodium channel mutation. J Clin Invest. 2002;110(8):1201–1209
  • . Brugada J, Brugada P, Brugada R. The syndrome of right bundle branch block ST segment elevation in V1 to V3 and sudden death–the Brugada syndrome. Europace. 1999;1(3):156–166
  • . Salama G, London B. Mouse models of long QT syndrome. J Physiol. 2007;578(pt 1):43–53

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.