Iatrogenic Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Comparison of Insulin Analog Premixes and Human Insulin Premixes

References

• . Cryer PE. Diverse causes of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(22):2272–2279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cryer PE. Glucose homeostasis and hypoglycemia. In: Kronenberg H, Williams RH, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier; 2008:xix, 1911
   Google Scholar
• . Cryer PE, American Diabetes Association. Hypoglycemia in Diabetes: Pathophysiology, Prevalence, and Prevention. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association; 2009
   Google Scholar
• . Towler DA, Havlin CE, Craft S,. Mechanism of awareness of hypoglycemia. Perception of neurogenic (predominantly cholinergic) rather than neuroglycopenic symptoms. Diabetes. 1993;42(12):1791–1798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia, functional brain failure, and brain death. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(4):868–870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gerich JE. Oral hypoglycemic agents. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(18):1231–1245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Holstein A, Egberts EH. Risk of hypoglycaemia with oral antidiabetic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2003;111(7):405–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Jacobson AM. The psychological care of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(19):1249–1253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . ; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study GroupGerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP,. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545–2459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J,. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560–2572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bonds DE, Miller ME, Bergenstal RM,. The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: retrospective epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ. 2010;340:b4909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zoungas S, Patel A, Chalmers J,. Severe hypoglycemia and risks of vascular events and death. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1410–1418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hartman I. Insulin analogs: impact on treatment success, satisfaction, quality of life, and adherence. Clin Med Res. 2008;6:54–67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Qayyum R, Bolen S, Maruthur N,. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of premixed insulin analogues in type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(8):549–559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Coscelli C, Iacobellis G, Calderini C, Heise T, Heinemann L. Importance of premeal injection time in insulin therapy: Humalog Mix25 is convenient for improved post-prandial glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients with Italian dietary habits. Acta Diabetol. 2003;40(4):187–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kapitza C, Rave K, Ostrowski K, Heise T, Heinemann L. Reduced postprandial glycaemic excursion with biphasic insulin Aspart 30 injected immediately before a meal. Diabet Med. 2004;21(5):500–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mattoo V, Milicevic Z, Malone JK,; Ramadan Study Group. A comparison of insulin lispro Mix25 and human insulin 30/70 in the treatment of type 2 diabetes during Ramadan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;59(2):137–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schwartz S, Zagar AJ, Althouse SK,. A single-center, randomized, double-blind, three-way crossover study examining postchallenge glucose responses to human insulin 70/30 and insulin lispro fixed mixtures 75/25 and 50/50 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2006;28:1649–1657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sun P, Wang R, Jacober S. The effectiveness of insulin initiation regimens in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a large national medical records review study comparing a basal insulin analogue to premixed insulin. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(12):3017–3023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Heise T, Heinemann L, Hovelmann U,. Biphasic insulin aspart 30/70: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics compared with once-daily biphasic human insulin and basal-bolus therapy. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(8):1431–1433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Clements MR, Tits J, Kinsley BT,. Improved glycaemic control of thrice-daily biphasic insulin aspart compared with twice-daily biphasic human insulin; a randomized, open-label trial in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10(3):229–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gao Y, Li G, Li Y,. Postprandial blood glucose response to a standard test meal in insulin-requiring patients with diabetes treated with insulin lispro mix 50 or human insulin mix 50. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(9):1344–1351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Guerci B, Sauvanet JP. Subcutaneous insulin: pharmacokinetic variability and glycemic variability. Diabetes Metab. 2005;31(4 pt 2):4S7–4S24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Arnolds S, Kuglin B, Kapitza C,. How pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles pave the way for optimal basal in sulin therapy in type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64(10):1415–1424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . NovoLog [package insert]. Bagsværd, Denmark: Novo Nordisk A/S; 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Humalog [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly & Co; 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Apidra [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis U.S., LLC; 2009
   Google Scholar
• . Humulin R [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly & Co; 2011
   Google Scholar
• . Lantus [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis U.S., LLC; 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Levemir [package insert]. Bagsværd, Denmark: Novo Nordisk A/S; 2009
   Google Scholar
• . Hagedorn HC, Jensen BN, Krarup NB,. Protamine insulinate. JAMA. 1936;106:177–180
   Google Scholar
• . Scott DA, Fisher AM. Studies on insulin with protamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1936;58:78–92
   Google Scholar
• . Humulin N [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly & Co; 2009
   Google Scholar
• . Humulin 70/30 [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly & Co; 2011
   Google Scholar
• . NovoLog Mix 70/30 [package insert]. Bagsværd, Denmark: Novo Nordisk A/S; 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Humalog Mix 75/25 [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly & Co; 2009
   Google Scholar
• . Humalog Mix 50/50 [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly & Co; 2009
   Google Scholar
• . Hermansen K, Colombo M, Storgaard H, Østergaard A, Kølendorf K, Madsbad S. Improved postprandial glycemic control with biphasic insulin aspart relative to biphasic insulin lispro and biphasic human insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(5):883–888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McSorley PT, Bell PM, Jacobsen LV, Kristensen A, Lindholm A. Twice-daily biphasic insulin aspart 30 versus biphasic human insulin 30: a double-blind crossover study in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2002;24(4):530–539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McNally PG, Dean JD, Morris AD, Wilkinson PD, Compion G, Heller SR. Using continuous glucose monitoring to measure the frequency of low glucose values when using biphasic insulin aspart 30 compared with biphasic human insulin 30: a double-blind crossover study in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1044–1048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kilo C, Mezitis N, Jain R,. Starting patients with type 2 diabetes on insulin therapy using once-daily injections of biphasic insulin aspart 70/30, biphasic human insulin 70/30, or NPH insulin in combination with metformin. J Diabetes Complications. 2003;17(6):307–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Boehm BO, Vaz JA, Brondsted L,. Long-term efficacy and safety of biphasic insulin aspart in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Intern Med. 2004;15(8):496–502
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Abrahamian H, Ludvik B, Schernthaner G,. Improvement of glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetic patients: traditional vs modern insulin regimens (results from the Austrian Biaspart Study). Horm Metab Res. 2005;37(11):684–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Malone JK, Woodworth JR, Arora V,. Improved postprandial glycemic control with Humalog Mix75/25 after a standard test meal in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2000;22(2):222–230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Herz M, Arora V, Campaigne BN,. Humalog Mix25 improves 24-hour plasma glucose profiles compared with the human insulin mixture 30/70 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. S Afr Med J. 2003;93(3):219–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Herz M, Profozic V, Arora V,. Effects of a fixed mixture of 25% insulin lispro and 75% NPL on plasma glucose during and after moderate physical exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;18:188–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Roach P, Yue L, Arora V. Improved postprandial glycemic control during treatment with Humalog Mix25, a novel protamine-based insulin lispro formulation. Humalog Mix25 Study Group. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1258–1261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schernthaner G, Kopp HP, Ristic S, Muzyka B, Peter L, Mitteregger G. Metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes using Humalog Mix50 injected three times daily: crossover comparison with human insulin 30/70. Horm Metab Res. 2004;36(3):188–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Yamada S, Watanabe M, Kitaoka A,. Switching from premixed human insulin to premixed insulin lispro: a prospective study comparing the effects on glucose control and quality of life. Intern Med. 2007;46:1513–1517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Heise T, Nosek L, Ronn BB,. Lower within-subject variability of insulin detemir in comparison to NPH insulin and insulin glargine in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53:1614–1620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar