192
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Focus: Diabetes

Basal Insulin: Beyond Glycemia

, MD, PhD
Pages 27-37 | Published online: 13 Mar 2015

References

  • . Weir GC, Bonner-Weir S. Five stages of evolving β-cell dysfunction during progression to diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53( suppl 3):S16–S21
  • . Ferrannini E. The stunned beta cell: a brief history. Cell Metab. 2010;11(5):349–352
  • . Bethel MA, Feinglos MN. Basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2005;18(3):199–204
  • . DeFronzo RA. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am. 2004;88(4):787–835
  • . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2011.pdf. Accessed May 18, 2011
  • . Jensen M, De Meyts P. Molecular mechanisms of differential intracellular signaling from the insulin receptor. Vitam Horm. 2009;80:51–75
  • . Abdul-Ghani MA, DeFronzo RA. Pathogenesis of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle [published online ahead of print April 26, 2010]. J Biomed Biotechnol.
  • . Cherrington AD, Moore MC, Sindelar DK, Edgerton DS. Insulin action on the liver in vivo. Biochem Soc Trans. 2007;35(pt 5):1171–1174
  • . Cusi K, Maezono K, Osman A,. Insulin resistance differentially affects the PI 3-kinase- and MAP kinase-mediated signaling in human muscle. J Clin Invest. 2000;105(3):311–320
  • . Horton ES. Defining the role of basal and prandial insulin for optimal glycemic control. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53( 5 suppl):S21–S27
  • . Tibaldi J. Importance of postprandial glucose levels as a target for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. South Med J. 2009;102(1):60–66
  • . Owens DR, Bolli GB. Beyond the era of NPH insulin—long-acting insulin analogs: chemistry, comparative pharmacology, and clinical application. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2008;10(5):333–349
  • . Alquier T, Leloup C, Lorsignol A, Penicaud L. Translocable glucose transporters in the brain: where are we in 2006? Diabetes. 2006;55( suppl 2): S131–S138
  • . Bagdade JD, Bierman EL, Porte D Jr. The significance of basal insulin levels in the evaluation of the insulin response to glucose in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. J Clin Invest. 1967;46(10):1549–1557
  • . Bruning JC, Gautam D, Burks DJ,. Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction. Science. 2000;289(5487):2122–2125
  • . Gelling RW, Morton GJ, Morrison CD,. Insulin action in the brain contributes to glucose lowering during insulin treatment of diabetes. Cell Metab. 2006;3(1):67–73
  • . Florant GL, Singer L, Scheurink AJ, Park CR, Richardson RD, Woods SC. Intraventricular insulin reduces food intake and body weight of marmots during the summer feeding period. Physiol Behav. 1991;49(2):335–338
  • . Woods SC, Lotter EC, McKay LD, Porte D Jr. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin reduces food intake and body weight of baboons. Nature. 1979;282(5738):503–505
  • . Porte D Jr, Seeley RJ, Woods SC, Baskin DG, Figlewicz DP, Schwartz MW. Obesity, diabetes and the central nervous system. Diabetologia. 1998;41(8):863–881
  • . Obici S, Feng Z, Karkanias G, Baskin DG, Rossetti L. Decreasing hypothalamic insulin receptors causes hyperphagia and insulin resistance in rats. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5(6):566–572
  • . Obici S, Zhang BB, Karkanias G, Rossetti L. Hypothalamic insulin signaling is required for inhibition of glucose production. Nat Med. 2002;8(12):1376–1382
  • . Morton GJ, Cummings DE, Baskin DG, Barsh GS, Schwartz MW. Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight. Nature. 2006;443(7109):289–295
  • . Sipols AJ, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW. Effect of intracerebroventricular insulin infusion on diabetic hyperphagia and hypothalamic neuro-peptide gene expression. Diabetes. 1995;44(2):147–151
  • . Posey KA, Clegg DJ, Printz RL,. Hypothalamic proinflammatory lipid accumulation, inflammation, and insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;296(5):E1003–E1012
  • . Clegg DJ, Riedy CA, Smith KA, Benoit SC, Woods SC. Differential sensitivity to central leptin and insulin in male and female rats. Diabetes. 2003;52(3):682–687
  • . Benedict C, Kern W, Schultes B, Born J, Hallschmid M. Differential sensitivity of men and women to anorexigenic and memory-improving effects of intranasal insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(4):1339–1344
  • . Hallschmid M, Schultes B. Central nervous insulin resistance: a promising target in the treatment of metabolic and cognitive disorders? Diabetologia. 2009;52(11):2264–2269
  • . Guthoff M, Grichisch Y, Canova C,. Insulin modulates food-related activity in the central nervous system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(2):748–755
  • . Zachariah S, Sheldon B, Shojaee-Moradie F,. Insulin detemir reduces weight gain as a result of reduced food intake in patients with type 1 diabetes [published online ahead of print May 18, 2011]. Diabetes Care. doi: 10.2337/dc11-0098
  • . Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(6):1069–1078
  • . Egede LE, Nietert PJ, Zheng D. Depression and all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality among adults with and without diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(6):1339–1345
  • . Pan A, Lucas M, Sun Q,. Increased mortality risk in women with depression and diabetes mellitus. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(1):42–50
  • . Knol MJ, Twisk JW, Beekman AT, Heine RJ, Snoek FJ, Pouwer F. Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2006;49(5):837–845
  • . Campayo A, de Jonge P, Roy JF,. Depressive disorder and incident diabetes mellitus: the effect of characteristics of depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(5):580–588
  • . Mezuk B, Eaton WW, Albrecht S, Golden SH. Depression and type 2 diabetes over the lifespan: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(12):2383–2390
  • . Holt RI, Phillips DI, Jameson KA, Cooper C, Dennison EM, Peveler RC. The relationship between depression and diabetes mellitus: findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Diabet Med. 2009;26(6):641–648
  • . Gale CR, Kivimaki M, Lawlor DA, Carroll D, Phillips AC, Batty GD. Fasting glucose, diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, and depression: the Vietnam experience study. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(2):189–192
  • . Hilakivi-Clarke LA, Wozniak KM, Durcan MJ, Linnoila M. Behavior of streptozotocin-diabetic mice in tests of exploration, locomotion, anxiety, depression and aggression. Physiol Behav. 1990;48(3):429–433
  • . Shelton RC, Miller AH. Eating ourselves to death (and despair): the contribution of adiposity and inflammation to depression. Prog Neurobiol. 2010;91(4):275–299
  • . Lustman PJ, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, de Groot M, Carney RM, Clouse RE. Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(7):934–942
  • . Lustman PJ, Williams MM, Sayuk GS, Nix BD, Clouse RE. Factors influencing glycemic control in type 2 diabetes during acute- and maintenance-phase treatment of major depressive disorder with bupropion. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(3):459–466
  • . Plastino M, Fava A, Pirritano D,. Effects of insulinic therapy on cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer disease and diabetes mellitus type-2. J Neurol Sci. 2010;288(1–2):112–116
  • . Watson GS, Baker LD, Cholerton BA,. Effects of insulin and octreotide on memory and growth hormone in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;18(3):595–602
  • . Craft S, Asthana S, Newcomer JW,. Enhancement of memory in Alzheimer disease with insulin and somatostatin, but not glucose. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(12):1135–1140
  • . Zhao W, Chen H, Xu H,. Brain insulin receptors and spatial memory. Correlated changes in gene expression, tyrosine phosphorylation, and signaling molecules in the hippocampus of water maze trained rats. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(49):34893–34902
  • . Cardoso S, Correia S, Santos RX,. Insulin is a two-edged knife on the brain. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;18(3):483–507
  • . Geroldi C, Frisoni GB, Paolisso G,. Insulin resistance in cognitive impairment: the InCHIANTI study. Arch Neurol. 2005;62(7):1067–1072
  • . Craft S, Watson GS. Insulin and neurodegenerative disease: shared and specific mechanisms. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(3):169–178
  • . Manolopoulos KN, Klotz LO, Korsten P, Bornstein SR, Barthel A. Linking Alzheimer's disease to insulin resistance: the FoxO response to oxidative stress. Molecular Psychiatry. 2010;15(11):1046–1052
  • . Kroner Z. The relationship between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes: type 3 diabetes? Altern Med Rev. 2009;14(4):373–379
  • . de la Monte SM, Longato L, Tong M, Wands JR. Insulin resistance and neurodegeneration: roles of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Curr Opin Invest Drugs. 2009;10(10):1049–1060
  • . Kodl CT, Seaquist ER. Cognitive dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(4):494–511
  • . Lambert TJ, Chapman LH; Consensus Working Group. Diabetes, psychotic disorders and antipsychotic therapy: a consensus statement. Med J Aust. 2004;181(10):544–548
  • . Muniyappa R, Quon MJ. Insulin action and insulin resistance in vascular endothelium. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10(4):523–530
  • . Kim JA, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation. 2006;113(15):1888–1904
  • . Vincent MA, Montagnani M, Quon MJ. Molecular and physiologic actions of insulin related to production of nitric oxide in vascular endothelium. Curr Diab Rep. 2003;3(4):279–288
  • . Lautamäki R, Airaksinen KE, Seppänen M,. Insulin improves myocardial blood flow in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes. 2006;55(2):511–516
  • . Anfosso F, Chomiki N, Alessi MC, Vague P, Juhan-Vague I. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 synthesis in the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2. Metformin inhibits the stimulating effect of insulin. J Clin Invest. 1993;91(5):2185–2193
  • . Juhan-Vague I, Alessi MC, Vague P. Thrombogenic and fibrinolytic factors and cardiovascular risk in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Med. 1996;28(4):371–380
  • . Biemond BJ, Levi M, Coronel R, Janse MJ, ten Cate JW, Pannekoek H. Thrombolysis and reocclusion in experimental jugular vein and coronary artery thrombosis. Effects of a plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1-neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Circulation. 1995;91(4):1175–1181
  • . De Taeye B, Smith LH, Vaughan DE. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: a common denominator in obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005;5(2):149–154
  • . Bays H, Mandarino L, DeFronzo RA. Role of the adipocyte, free fatty acids, and ectopic fat in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonists provide a rational therapeutic approach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(2):463–478
  • . Motoshima H, Wu X, Sinha MK,. Differential regulation of adiponectin secretion from cultured human omental and subcutaneous adipocytes: effects of insulin and rosiglitazone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(12):5662–5667
  • . Ginsberg HN. Efficacy and mechanisms of action of statins in the treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(2):383–392
  • . Galic S, Oakhill JS, Steinberg GR. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;316(2):129–139
  • . Adiels M, Taskinen MR, Packard C,. Overproduction of large VLDL particles is driven by increased liver fat content in man. Diabetologia. 2006;49(4):755–765
  • . Gonzalez-Periz A, Claria J. Resolution of adipose tissue inflammation. Scientific World Journal. 2010;10:832–856
  • . Eckel RH, Alberti KG, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 2010;375(9710):181–183
  • . Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB. Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(7):1793–1801
  • . Murphy GJ, Holder JC. PPAR-gamma agonists: therapeutic role in diabetes, inflammation and cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2000;21(12):469–474
  • . Kapadia R, Yi JH, Vemuganti R. Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions of PPAR-gamma agonists. Front Biosci. 2008;13:1813–1826
  • . Martin H. Role of PPAR-gamma in inflammation. Prospects for therapeutic intervention by food components. Mutat Res. 2009;669(1–2):1–7
  • . Dandona P, Aljada A, Mohanty P,. Insulin inhibits intranuclear nuclear factor κB and stimulates IκB in mononuclear cells in obese subjects: evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(7):3257–3265
  • . Dandona P, Chaudhuri A, Ghanim H, Mohanty P. Insulin as an anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic modulator. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53( 5 suppl):S14–S20
  • . Goldfine AB, Silver R, Aldhahi W,. Use of salsalate to target inflammation in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Clin Transl Sci. 2008;1(1):36–43
  • . Hundal RS, Petersen KF, Mayerson AB,. Mechanism by which high-dose aspirin improves glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Invest. 2002;109(10):1321–1326
  • . Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome pandemic. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(4):629–636
  • . Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM,; International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–1645

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.