54
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Focus: Risk Reduction and Treatment of Metabolic and Vascular Disorders

Clinical Management Considerations for Dyslipidemia in HIV–Infected Individuals

, DO, FAAFP, AAHIVS
Pages 31-40 | Published online: 13 Mar 2015

References

  • . Hogg RS, Yip B, Kully C,. Improved survival among HIV-infected patients after initiation of triple-drug antiretroviral regimens. CMAJ. 1999;160(5):659–665
  • . Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Causes of death in HIV-1-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, 1996-2006: collaborative analysis of 13 HIV cohort studies. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(10):1387–1396
  • . Lima VD, Hogg RS, Harrigan PR,. Continued improvement in survival among HIV-infected individuals with newer forms of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2007;21(6):685–692
  • . Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration; Zwahlen M, Harris R, May M, et al.Mortality of HIV-infected patients starting potent antiretroviral therapy: comparison with the general population in nine industrialized countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(6):1624–1633
  • . ; D:A:D Study GroupSabin CA, Worm SW, Weber R,. Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multi-cohort collaboration. Lancet. 2008;371(9622):1417–1426
  • . Sackoff JE, Hanna DB, Pfeiffer MR, Torian LV. Causes of death among persons with AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: New York City. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(6):397–406
  • . Tjen–A–Looi A, Lee MSL, Trivedi PS, Hannan LM, Kumar P, Timpone J. Mortality and length of stay for HIV-infected persons admitted for acute coronary syndrome. Abstract 801. 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 27 to March 2, 2011; Boston, MA
  • . Currier JS, Lundgren JD, Carr A,; Working Group 2. Epidemiological evidence for cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients and relationship to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Circulation. 2008;118(2):e29–e35
  • . Friis–Møller N, Sabin CA, Weber R,; Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD) Study Group. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(21):1993–2003
  • . Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(7):2506–2512
  • . Freiberg MS, McGinnis KA, Butt A,. HIV is associated with clinically confirmed myocardial infarction after adjustment for smoking and other risk factors. Abstract 809. 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 27 to March 2, 2011; Boston, MA
  • . Dubé MP, Stein JH, Aberg JA,; Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group Cardiovascular Subcommittee; HIV Medical Association of the Infectious Disease Society of America. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy: recommendations of the HIV Medical Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(5):613–627
  • . Worm SW, Sabin C, Weber R,. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with HIV infection exposed to specific individual antiretroviral drugs from the 3 major drug classes: the data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs (D:A:D) study. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(3):318–330
  • . ; DAD Study GroupFriis–Møller N, Reiss P, Sabin CA,. Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(17):1723–1735
  • . Ding X, Andraca–Carrera E, Cooper CL,. No association of myocardial infarction with abacavir use: findings of an FDA meta-analysis. Abstract 808. 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 27 to March 2, 2011; Boston, MA
  • . Ribaudo HJ, Benson CA, Zheng Y,; ACTG A5001/ALLRT Protocol Team. No risk of myocardial infarction associated with initial antiretroviral treatment containing abacavir: short- and long-term results from ACTG A5001/ALLRT. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(7):929–940
  • . Merck Manual Professional. Dyslipidemia. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/sec12/ch159/ch159b.html. Accessed August 8, 2011
  • . Neeli H, Gadi R, Rader DJ. Managing diabetic dyslipidemia: beyond statin therapy. Curr Diab Rep. 2009;9(1):11–17
  • . Yuan G, Al–Shali KZ, Hegele RA. Hypertriglyceridemia: its etiology, effects and treatment. CMAJ. 2007;176(8):1113–1120
  • . Kolovou GD, Salpea KD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Mikhailidis DP. Alcohol use, vascular disease, and lipid-lowering drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;318(1):1–7
  • . Ucok A, Gaebel W. Side effects of atypical antipsychotics: a brief overview. World Psychiatry. 2008;7(1):58–62
  • . National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106(25):3143–3421
  • . Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. October 11, 2011; 1–166
  • . Sheridan S, Pignone M, Mulrow C. Framingham-based tools to calculate the global risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review of tools for clinicians. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(12):1039–1052
  • . Law MG, Friis–Møller N, El–Sadr WM,. The use of the Framingham equation to predict myocardial infarctions in HIV-infected patients: comparison with observed events in the D:A:D Study. HIV Med. 2006;7(4):218–230
  • . Friis–Møller N, Thiebaut R, Reiss P,; DAD study group. Predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients: the data collection on adverse effects of anti-HIV drugs study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010;17(5):491–501
  • . Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation. 1998;97(18):1837–1847
  • . Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD. Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA. 1986;256(20):2823–2828
  • . The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1984;251(3):351–364
  • . The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA. 1984;251(3):365–374
  • . Brown MS, Goldstein JL. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science. 1986;232(4746):34–47
  • . Barrios A, Blanco F, García–Benayas T,. Effect of dietary intervention on highly active antiretroviral therapy-related dyslipemia. AIDS. 2002;16(15):2079–2081
  • . Martinez E, Larrousse M, Llibre JM,. Substitution of raltegravir for ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in HIV-infected patients: the SPIRAL study. AIDS. 2010;24(11):1697–1707
  • . Eron JJ, Young B, Cooper DA,; SWITCHMRK 1 and 2 investigators. Switch to a raltegravir-based regimen versus continuation of a lopinavir-ritonavir-based regimen in stable HIV-infected patients with suppressed viraemia (SWITCHMRK 1 and 2): two multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2010;375(9712):396–407
  • . van Leth F, Phanuphak P, Stroes E,. Nevirapine and efavirenz elicit different changes in lipid profiles in antiretroviral-therapy-naive patients infected with HIV-1. PLoS Med. 2004;1(1):64–74
  • . Parienti JJ, Massari V, Rey D, Poubeau P, Verdon R; SIROCCO study team. Efavirenz to nevirapine switch in HIV-1-infected patients with dyslipidemia: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(2):263–266
  • . Lundgren JD, Battegay M, Behrens G,. European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) guidelines on the prevention and management of metabolic diseases in HIV. HIV Med. 2008;9(2):72–81
  • . Aberg JA. Lipid management in patients who have HIV and are receiving HIV therapy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2009;38(1):207–222
  • . Consumer Reports. Evaluating statin drugs to treat: high cholesterol and heart disease—comparing effectiveness, safety and price. 2010. http://www.consumerreports.org/health/resources/pdf/best-buy-drugs/StatinsUpdate-FINAL.pdf. Accessed August 8, 2011
  • . Normen L, Yip B, Montaner J,. Use of metabolic drugs and fish oil in HIV-positive patients with metabolic complications and associations with dyslipidaemia and treatment targets. HIV Med. 2007;8(6):346–356
  • . Visnegarwala F, Maldonado M, Sajja P,. Lipid lowering effects of statins and fibrates in the management of HIV dyslipidemias associated with antiretroviral therapy in HIV clinical practice. J Infect. 2004;49(4):283–290
  • . Silverberg MJ, Leyden W, Hurley L,. Response to newly prescribed lipid-lowering therapy in patients with and without HIV infection. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(5):301–313
  • . Willrich MA, Hirata MH, Hirata RD. Statin regulation of CYP3 A4 and CYP3 A5 expression. Pharmacogenomics. 2009;10(6):1017–1024
  • . Singh S, Willig JH, Mugavero MJ,. Comparative effectiveness and toxicity of statins among HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(3):387–395
  • . Chow D, Chen H, Glesby MJ,. Short-term ezetimibe is well tolerated and effective in combination with statin therapy to treat elevated LDL cholesterol in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2009;23(16): 2133–2141
  • . Wohl DA, Waters D, Simpson RJ Jr,. Ezetimibe alone reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(8):1105–1108
  • . Negredo E, Moltó J, Puig J,. Ezetimibe, a promising lipid-lowering agent for the treatment of dyslipidaemia in HIV-infected patients with poor response to statins. AIDS. 2006;20(17):2159–2164
  • . Taylor AJ, Villines TC, Stanek EJ,. Extended-release niacin or ezetimibe and carotid intima-media thickness. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(22):2113–2122
  • . Kastelein JJ, Akdim F, Stroes ES,; ENHANCE Investigators. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(14):1431–1443
  • . Steiner G. Fibrates and coronary risk reduction. Atherosclerosis. 2005;182(2):199–207
  • . Aberg JA, Zackin RA, Brobst SW,. A randomized trial of the efficacy and safety of fenofibrate versus pravastatin in HIV-infected subjects with lipid abnormalities: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 5087. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2005;21(9):757–767
  • . Jones PH, Davidson MH. Reporting rate of rhabdomyolysis with fenofibrate + statin versus gemfibrozil + any statin. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(1):120–122
  • . Dube MP, Wu JW, Aberg JA,. Safety and efficacy of extended-release niacin for the treatment of dyslipidaemia in patients with HIV infection: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5148. Antivir Ther. 2006;11(8):1081–1089
  • . Wohl DA, Tien HC, Busby M,. Randomized study of the safety and efficacy of fish oil (omega-3 fatty acid) supplementation with dietary and exercise counseling for the treatment of antiretroviral therapy-associated hypertriglyceridemia. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(10): 1498–1504
  • . Gerber JG, Kitch DW, Fichtenbaum CJ,. Fish oil and fenofibrate for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy: results of ACTG A5186. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47(4):459–466
  • . Gallant JE, Staszewski S, Pozniak AL,; 903 Study Group. efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a 3-year randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292(2):191–201
  • . Mallon PW, Miller J, Cooper DA, Carr A. Prospective evaluation of the effects of antiretroviral therapy on body composition in HIV-1-infected men starting therapy. AIDS. 2003;17(7): 971–979
  • . Podzamczer D, Ferrer E, Sanchez P,; ABCDE (Abacavir vs. d4T (stavudine) plus efavirenz) Study Team. Less lipoatrophy and better lipid profile with abacavir as compared to stavudine: 96-week results of a randomized study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;44(2):139–147
  • . Pozniak AL, Gallant JE, DeJesus E,. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, and efavirenz versus fixed-dose zidovudine/lamivudine and efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive patients: virologic, immunologic, and morphologic changes—a 96-week analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43(5):535–540
  • . Shlay JC, Visnegarwala F, Bartsch G,; Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA). Body composition and metabolic changes in antiretroviral-naive patients randomized to didanosine and stavudine vs. abacavir and lamivudine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38(2):147–155
  • . Johnson VA, Brun–Vezinet F, Clotet B,. Update of the Drug Resistance Mutations in HIV-1: Spring 2008. Top HIV Med. 2008;16(1): 62–68
  • . Mills AM, Nelson M, Jayaweera D,. Once-daily darunavir/ritonavir vs. lopinavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week analysis. AIDS. 2009;23(13):1679–1688
  • . Smith KY, Weinberg WG, Dejesus E,; ALERT (COL103952) Study Team. Fosamprenavir or atazanavir once daily boosted with ritonavir 100 mg, plus tenofovir/emtricitabine, for the initial treatment of HIV infection: 48-week results of ALERT. AIDS Res Ther. 2008;5:5
  • . Walmsley SL, Squires K, Weiss L,. Multidrug-experienced HIV-1-infected women demonstrated similar virological and immunological responses to tipranavir/ritonavir compared with men. AIDS. 2009;23(3):429–431
  • . Nguyen A, Calmy A, Delhumeau C,; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. A randomized crossover study to compare efavirenz and etravirine treatment. AIDS. 2011;25(1):57–63
  • . Pozniak AL, Morales–Ramirez J, Katabira E,. Efficacy and safety of TMC278 in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 patients: week 96 results of a phase IIb randomized trial. AIDS. 2011;24(1): 55–65
  • . MacInnes A, Lazzarin A, Di Perri G,. Maraviroc can improve lipid profiles in dyslipidemic patients with HIV: results from the MERIT trial. HIV Clin Trials. 2011;12(1):24–36
  • . Nguyen A, Calmy A, Delhumeau C,. A randomized cross-over study to compare raltegravir and efavirenz (SWITCH-ER study). AIDS. 2011;25:1481–1487

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.