69
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Focus: Risk Reduction and Treatment of Metabolic and Vascular Disorders

Evaluation and Pharmacologic Approach to Patients with Resistant Hypertension

, PharmD, BCPS, , PharmD, BCACP, , PharmD, BCPS & , MD
Pages 74-82 | Published online: 13 Mar 2015

References

  • . Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor S,. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. A Scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2008;51:1403–1419
  • . Cuspidi C, Macca G, Sampieri L,. High prevalence of cardiac and extracardiac organ damage in refractory hypertension. J Hypertens. 2001;19(11):2063–2070
  • . Persell SD. Prevalence of resistant hypertension in the United States, 2003–2008. Hypertension. 2011;57(6):1076–1080
  • . Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ,. Recommendations of blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals. Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans. A statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation. 2005;111(5):697–716
  • . Yakovlevitch M, Black HR. Resistant hypertension in a tertiary care clinic. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151(9):1786–1792
  • . Moser M, Setaro JF. Clinical practice. Resistant or difficult-to-control hypertension. N Eng J Med. 2006;355(4):385–392
  • . Garg JP, Elliott WJ, Folker A, Izhar M, Black HR; RUSH University Hypertension Service. Resistant hypertension revisited: a comparison of 2 university-based cohorts. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(5 pt 1):619–626
  • . Sarafidis PA, Bakris GL. Resistant hypertension: an overview of evaluation and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(22):1749–1757
  • . de la Sierra A, Segura J, Banegas JR,. Clinical features of 8295 patients with resistant hypertension classified on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension. 2011;57(5):898–902
  • . Sander GE, Giles TD. Resistant hypertension: concepts and approach to management. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2011;13(5):347–355
  • . Redon J, Campos C, Narciso ML, Rodicio JL, Pascual JM, Ruilope LM. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in refractory hypertension: a prospective study. Hypertension. 1998;31(2): 712–718
  • . Salles GF, Cardoso CR, Muxfeldt ES. Prognostic Influence of office and ambulatory blood pressures in resistant hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(21):2340–2346
  • . Ernst ME, Carter BL, Goerdt CJ,. Comparative antihypertensive effects of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone on ambulatory and office blood pressure. Hypertension. 2006;47(3):352–358
  • . Frank J, Sommerfeld D. Clinical approach in treatment of resistant hypertension. Integr Blood Press Control. 2009;2:9–23
  • . Pimenta E, Gaddam KK, Oparil S. Mechanisms and treatment of resistant hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2008;10(3):239–244
  • . Gradman AH, Basile JN, Carter BL, Bakris GL; American Society of Hypertension Writing Group. Combination therapy in hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2010;4(1):42–50
  • . Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Costa FV. Captopril and hydrochlorothiazide rationale for their combination. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987;23( suppl 1):43S–50S
  • . Mackay JH, Arcuri KE, Goldberg AI, Snapinn SM, Sweet CS. Losartan and low dose hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of concomitant administration compared with individual components. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(3):278–285
  • . Chrysant SG, Melino M, Karki S, Lee J, Heyrman R. The combination of olmesartan medoxomil and amlodipine besylate in controlling high blood pressure: COACH, a randomized, double blind, controlled 8-week factorial efficacy and safety study. Clin Ther. 2008;30(4):587–604
  • . Townsend RR, DiPette DJ, Goodman R,. Combined alpha/beta blockade versus beta 1-selective blockade in essential hypertension in black and white patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990;48(6):665–675
  • . Mann SJ. Combined alpha-beta blockade: an underused approach to the treatment of resistant hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2007;9(9):663–666
  • . Mann SJ, Gerber LM. Low-dose alpha/beta blockade in the treatment of essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14(6 pt 1):553–558
  • . Saseen JJ, Carter BL, Brown TE, Elliott WJ, Black HR. Comparison of nifedipine alone and with diltiazem or verapamil in hypertension. Hypertension. 1996;28(1):109–114
  • . Sica DA. Minoxidil: an underused vasodilator for resistant or severe hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004;6(5):283–287
  • . Makris A, Seferou M, Papadopoulos DP. Resistant hypertension workup and approach to treatment [published online ahead of print December 26, 2010]. Int J Hypertens
  • . Sica DA. Centrally acting antihypertensive agents: an update. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007;9(5):399–405
  • . Black HR, Bakris GL, Weber MA,. efficacy and safety of darusentan in patients with resistant hypertension: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study. J Clin Hypertens. 2007;9(10):760–769
  • . Weber MA, Black H, Bakris G,. A selective endothelin receptor antagonist to reduce blood pressure in patients with treatment resistant hypertension: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9699):1423–1431
  • . Epstein BJ. Aliskiren and valsartan combination therapy for the management of hypertension. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010;6:711–722
  • . Messerli FH, Staessen JA, Zannad F. Of fads, fashion, surrogate endpoints and dual RAS blockade. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(18):2205–2208
  • . Holdiness A, Monahan K, Minor D, de Shazo RD. Renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockade: little to no rationale for ACE inhibitor and ARB combinations. Am J Med. 2011;124(1):15–19
  • . Alvarez–Alvarez B, Abad–Cardiel M, Fernandez–Cruz A, Martell–Carlos N. Management of resistant arterial hypertension: role of spironolactone versus double blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. J Hypertens. 2010;28(11):2329–2335
  • . Jansen PM, Jan Danser AH, Imholz BP, van der Meiracker AH. Aldosterone-receptor antagonism in hypertension. J Hypertens. 2009;27(4):680–691
  • . Marrs JC. Spironolactone management of resistant hypertension. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(11):1762–1769
  • . Ouzan J, Pérault C, Lincoff AM, Carré E, Mertes M. The role of spironolactone in the treatment of patients with refractory hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15(4 pt 1):333–339
  • . Engbaek M, Hjerrild M, Hallas J, Jacobsen IA. The effect of low-dose spironolactone on resistant hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2010;4(6):290–294
  • . Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Calhoun DA. efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16(11 pt 1):925–930
  • . Sharabi Y, Adler E, Shamis A, Nussinovitch N, Markovitz A, Grossman E. efficacy of add-on aldosterone receptor blocker in uncontrolled hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19(7):750–755
  • . Chapman N, Dobson J, Wilson S,; Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial Investigators. Effect of spironolactone on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2007;49(4):839–845
  • . Lane DA, Shah S, Beevers DG. Low-dose spironolactone in the management of resistant hypertension: a surveillance study. J Hypertens. 2007;25(4):891–894
  • . de Souza F, Muxfeldt E, Fiszman R, Salles G. efficacy of spironolactone therapy in patients with true resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2010;55(1):147–152
  • . Lane DA, Beevers DG. Amiloride 10 mg is less effective than spironolactone 25 mg in patients with hypertension resistant to a multidrug regime including an angiotensin-blocking agent. J Hypertens. 2007;25(12):2515–2516
  • . Eide IK, Torjesen PA, Drolsum A, Babovic A, Lilledahl NP. Low-renin status in therapy-resistant hypertension: a clue to efficient treatment. J Hypertens. 2004;22(11):2217–2226
  • . Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H, Takada M, Kayano T, Ideura T. Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9352):117–124
  • . Heshka J, Ruzicka M, Hiremath S, McCormick BB. Spironolactone for difficult to control hypertension in chronic kidney disease: an analysis of safety and efficacy. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2010;4(6):295–301
  • . Abolghasmi R, Taziki O. Efficacy of low dose spironolactone in chronic kidney disease with resistant hypertension. Saudi J Kid Dis. 2011;22(1):75–78
  • . Gross E, Rothstein M, Dombek S, Juknis HI. Effect of spironolactone on blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in oligoanuric hemodialysis patients. Am J Kid Dis. 2005;46(1):94–101
  • . Saudan P, Mach F, Perneger T,. Safety of low-dose spironolactone administration in chronic hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(11):2359–2363
  • . Matsumoto Y, Kageyama S, Yakushigawa T,. Long-term low-dose spironolactone therapy is safe in oligoanuric hemodialysis patients. Cardiology. 2009;114(1):32–38
  • . Vukusich A, Kunstmann S, Varela C,. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of spironolactone on carotid intima-media thickness in nondiabetic hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(8):1380–1387
  • . Chua D, Lo A, Lo C,. Spironolactone use in heart failure patients with end stage renal disease on hemodialysis: is it safe? Clin Cardiol. 2010;33(10):604–608
  • . Covic A, Gusbeth–Tatomir P, Goldsmith DJ. Is it time for spironolactone therapy in dialysis patients? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(4): 854–858
  • . Minutolo R, Agarwal R, Borrelli S,. Prognostic role of ambulatory blood pressure measurement in patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(12):1090–1098
  • . Goswami P, Drawz P, Rahman M. Nocturnal dosing and chronic kidney disease progression: new insights. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2009;18(5):381–385
  • . Park JG, Ramar K, Olson EJ. Updates on definition, consequences, and management of obstructive sleep apnea. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(6):549–555
  • . Logan AG, Perlikowski SM, Mente A,. High prevalence of unrecognized sleep apnoea in drug-resistant hypertension. J Hypertens. 2001;19(12):2271–2277
  • . Gaddam K, Pimenta E, Thomas SJ,. Spironolactone reduces severity of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with resistant hypertension: a preliminary report. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24(8):532–537
  • . Gonzaga CC, Gaddam KK, Ahmed MI,. Severity of obstructive sleep apnea is related to aldosterone status in subjects with resistant hypertension. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(4):363–368
  • . Calhoun DA, Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Harding SM. Aldosterone excretion among subjects with resistant hypertension and symptoms of sleep apnea. Chest. 2004;125(1):112–117
  • . Pratt–Ubunama MN, Nishizaka MK, Boedefeld RL, Cofield SS, Harding SM, Calhoun DA. Plasma aldosterone is related to severity of obstructive sleep apnea in subjects with resistant hypertension. Chest. 2007;131(2):453–459
  • . Elliot WJ, Childers WK. Should beta-blockers no longer be considered first line therapy for the treatment of essential hypertension with comorbidities? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2011;13(6):507–516

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.