The Role of ARBs Alone or with HCTZ in the Treatment of Hypertension and Prevention of Cardiovascular and Renal Complications

References

• . Flack JM. Epidemiology and unmet needs in hypertension. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007;13(8 suppl B):2–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, ; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560–2572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, ; Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension; European Society of Cardiology. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2007;25(6):1105–1187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bakris GL, Ritz E; on behalf of the World Kidney Day Steering Committee. The message for World Kidney Day 2009: hypertension and kidney disease: a marriage that should be prevented. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2009;3(2):80–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McCullough PA, Jurkovitz CT, Pergola PE, ; for the Keep Investigators. Independent components of chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk state: results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP). Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(11):1122–1129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip E P, . Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(18):1291–1297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1903–1913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ong KL, Cheung BM, Man YB, Lau CP, Lam KS. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999–2004. Hypertension. 2007;49(1):69–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lloyd—Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, . Heart disease and stroke statistics—2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation.
   Google Scholar
• . Franklin SS, Neutel JM. Initial combination therapy for rapid and effective control of moderate and severe hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23(1):4–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Middleton J P, Pun PH. Hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and the development of cardiovascular risk: a joint primacy. Kidney Int. 2010;77(9):753–755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N; Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Lancet. 2000;356(9246):1955–1964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, . Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;363(9426):2022–2031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002;288(23):2981–2997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, . Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9489):895–906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, . Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet. 1998;351(9118):1755–1762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Turnbull F; Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2003;362(9395):1527–1535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sarafidis PA, Li S, Chen SC, . Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in chronic kidney disease. Am J Med. 2008;121(4):332–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bakris G. Are there effects of renin-angiotensin system antagonists beyond blood pressure control? Am J Cardiol. 2010;105( 1 suppl):21A–29A
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Gupta M, Honos GN, Velazquez EJ, Chung N, Oigman W, Maggioni A P. Evidence for the efficacy of ARBs across the cardiovascular continuum. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(5):1203–1218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ruggenenti P, Cravedi P, Remuzzi G. The RAAS in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010;6(6): 319–330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, . Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):851–860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia). Lancet. 1997;349(9069):1857–1863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H, Takada M, Kayano T, Ideura T. Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9352):117–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, . Blood-pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non-diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9463):939–946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, . Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9153):611–616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Julius S, Weber MA, Kjeldsen SE, . The Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-Term Use Evaluation (VALUE) trial: outcomes in patients receiving monotherapy. Hypertension. 2006;48(3):385–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . O'Meara E, Solomon S, McMurray J, . Effect of candesartan on New York Heart Association functional class. Results of the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme. Eur Heart J. 2004;25(21):1920–1926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):145–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lindholm LH, Persson M, Alaupovic P, Carlberg B, Svensson A, Samuelsson O. Metabolic outcome during 1 year in newly detected hypertensives: results of the Antihypertensive Treatment and Lipid Profile in a North of Sweden Efficacy Evaluation (ALPINE study). J Hypertens. 2003;21(8):1563–1574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Smith DH. Treatment of hypertension with an angiotensin II-receptor antagonist compared with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor: a review of clinical studies of telmisartan and enalapril. Clin Ther. 2002;24(10):1484–1501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Larochelle P, Flack JM, Marbury TC, Sareli P, Krieger EM, Reeves RA. Effects and tolerability of irbesartan versus enalapril in patients with severe hypertension. Irbesartan Multicenter Investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80(12):1613–1615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mancia G, Pessina AC, Trimarco B, Grassi G. Blood pressure control according to new guidelines targets in low- to high-risk hypertensives managed in specialist practice. J Hypertens. 2004;22(12):2387–2396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mancia G, Ambrosioni E, Rosei EA, Leonetti G, Trimarco B, Volpe M; For Life study group. Blood pressure control and risk of stroke in untreated and treated hypertensive patients screened from clinical practice: results of the For Life study. J Hypertens. 2005;23(8):1575–1581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mancia G, Parati G, Borghi C, . Hypertension prevalence, awareness, control and association with metabolic abnormalities in the San Marino population: the SMOOTH study. J Hypertens. 2006;24(5):837–843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ostchega Y, Yoon SS, Hughes J, Louis T. Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control—continued disparities in adults: United States, 2005–2006. NCHS Data Brief. 2008(3):1–8
   Google Scholar
• . Bakris G, Hill M, Mancia G, . Achieving blood pressure goals globally: five core actions for health-care professionals. A worldwide call to action. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;22(1):63–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Van Wijk BL, Klungel OH, Heerdink ER, de Boer A. Rate and determinants of 10-year persistence with antihypertensive drugs. J Hypertens. 2005;23(11):2101–2107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mazzaglia G, Mantovani LG, Sturkenboom MC, . Patterns of persistence with antihypertensive medications in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients in Italy: a retrospective cohort study in primary care. J Hypertens. 2005;23(11):2093–2100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dezii CM. A retrospective study of persistence with single-pill combination therapy vs. concurrent two-pill therapy in patients with hypertension. Manag Care. 2000;9( 9 suppl):2–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Dickerson JE, Hingorani AD, Ashby MJ, Palmer CR, Brown MJ. Optimisation of antihypertensive treatment by crossover rotation of four major classes. Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2008–2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Morgan TO, Anderson AI, MacInnis RJ. ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium blockers, and diuretics for the control of systolic hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14(3):241–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bakris G, Molitch M, Hewkin A, . Differences in glucose tolerance between fixed-dose antihypertensive drug combinations in people with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(12):2592–2597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chrysant SG, Melino M, Karki S, Lee J, Heyrman R. The combination of olmesartan medoxomil and amlodipine besylate in controlling high blood pressure: COACH, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week factorial efficacy and safety study. Clin Ther. 2008;30(4):587–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Neutel JM, Franklin SS, Oparil S, Bhaumik A, Ptaszynska A, Lapuerta P. Efficacy and safety of irbesartan/HCTZ combination therapy as initial treatment for rapid control of severe hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2006;8(12):850–857
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Neutel JM, Franklin SS, Bhaumik A, Lapuerta P, Oparil S. Safety and tolerability of fixed-dose irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide for rapid control of severe hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2009;31(7):572–584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Fogari R, Mugellini A, Derosa G. Efficacy and tolerability of candesartan cilexetil/hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine in patients with poorly controlled mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2007;8(3):139–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Edes I; Multicentre Study Group. Combination therapy with candesartan cilexetil 32 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg provides the full additive antihypertensive effect of the components: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study in primary care. Clin Drug Investig. 2009;29(5):293–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Neutel JM, Franklin SS, Lapuerta P, Bhaumik A, Ptaszynska A. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of irbesartan/HCTZ combination therapy with irbesartan and HCTZ monotherapy in the treatment of moderate hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2008;22(1):266–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Flack JM, Saunders E, Gradman A, ; Study Group for Losartan in African Americans with Hypertension. Antihypertensive efficacy and safety of losartan alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in adult African Americans with mild to moderate hypertension. Clin Ther. 2001;23(8):1193–1208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Salerno CM, Demopoulos L, Mukherjee R, Gradman AH. Combination angiotensin receptor blocker/hydrochlorothiazide as initial therapy in the treatment of patients with severe hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004;6(11):614–620
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Gleim G W, Rubino J, Zhang H, . A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial of the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of a combination of once-daily losartan 100 mg/hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg compared with losartan 100-mg monotherapy in the treatment of mild to severe essential hypertension. Clin Ther. 2006;28(10):1639–1648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Saruta T, Ogihara T, Matsuoka H, . Antihypertensive efficacy and safety of fixed-dose combination therapy with losartan plus hydrochlorothiazide in Japanese patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2007;30(8):729–739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chrysant SG, Weber MA, Wang AC, Hinman DJ. Evaluation of antihypertensive therapy with the combination of olmesartan medoxomil and hydrochlorothiazide. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17(3):252–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McGill JB, Reilly PA. Telmisartan plus hydrochlorothiazide versus telmisartan or hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy in patients with mild to moderate hypertension: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Clin Ther. 2001;23(6):833–850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ruilope LM, Malacco E, Khder Y, Kandra A, Bönner G, Heintz D. Efficacy and tolerability of combination therapy with valsartan plus hydrochlorothiazide compared with amlodipine monotherapy in hypertensive patients with other cardiovascular risk factors: the VAST study. Clin Ther. 2005;27(5):578–587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sun NL, Zhu JR, Zhao Y, Tu YM; Co-Diovan Trial Investigators. Combination antihypertensive therapy with valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in Chinese patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(10):2863–2871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Meredith PA. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists alone and combined with hydrochlorothiazide: potential benefits beyond the antihypertensive effect. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2005;5(3):171–183
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Mancia G, ; VALUE Trial Investigators. Effects of valsartan compared to amlodipine on preventing type 2 diabetes in high-risk hypertensive patients: the VALUE trial. J Hypertens. 2006;24(7):1405–1412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, ; LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359(9311):995–1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Weir MR, Neutel JM, Bhaumik A, Obaldia ME, Lapuerta P. The efficacy and safety of initial use of irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide fixed-dose combination in hypertensive patients with and without high cardiovascular risk. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007;9(12 suppl 5):23–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Campbell M, Sonkodi S, Soucek M, Wiecek A. A candesartan cilexetil/hydrochlorothiazide combination tablet provides effective blood pressure control in hypertensive patients inadequately controlled on monotherapy. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2001;23(4):345–355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Franklin S, Lapuerta P, Cox D, Donovan M. Initial combination therapy with irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension: an analysis of the relationship between baseline blood pressure and the need for combination therapy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007;9( 12 suppl):15–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Neutel JM, Saunders E, Bakris GL, ; INCLUSIVE Investigators. The efficacy and safety of low- and high-dose fixed combinations of irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide in patients with uncontrolled systolic blood pressure on monotherapy: the INCLUSIVE trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2005;7(10):578–586
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sowers JR, Neutel JM, Saunders E, ; INCLUSIVE Investigators. Antihypertensive efficacy of Irbesartan/HCTZ in men and women with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2006;8(7):470–480
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ofili EO, Ferdinand KC, Saunders E, . Irbesartan/HCTZ fixed combinations in patients of different racial/ethnic groups with uncontrolled systolic blood pressure on monotherapy. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006;98(4):618–626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cushman WC, Neutel JM, Saunders E, . Efficacy and safety of fixed combinations of irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide in older vs younger patients with hypertension uncontrolled with monotherapy. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2008;17(1):27–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Schmieder RE, Krekler M. Observational study of blood pressure control and microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetics on irbesartan or irbesartan/HCTZ [Article in German]. MMW Fortschr Med. 2005;147( suppl 3): 97–101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Strutz F, Bramlage P, Paar WD. Effect of three months' treatment with irbesartan on blood and pulse pressure of hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients: open, observational study in 31,793 patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(9):1433–1440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Neutel JM, Smith DH, Reilly PA. The efficacy and safety of telmisartan compared to enalapril in patients with severe hypertension. Int J Clin Pract. 1999;53(3):175–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . White WB, Punzi HA, Murwin D, Koval SE, Davidai G, Neutel JM. Effects of the angiotensin II receptor blockers telmisartan vs valsartan in combination with hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg once daily for the treatment of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2006;8(9):626–633
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Pool JL, Glazer R, Weinberger M, Alvarado R, Huang J, Graff A. Comparison of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy at doses up to 320/25 mg versus monotherapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study followed by long-term combination therapy in hypertensive adults. Clin Ther. 2007;29(1):61–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cohn JN, Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(23): 1667–1675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, . Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(20):1893–1906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, . Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):772–776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, ; CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):767–771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner—Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):870–878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, ; RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):861–869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Oparil S, Aurup P, Snavely D, Goldberg A. Efficacy and safety of losartan/hydrochlorothiazide in patients with severe hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87(6):721–726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar