Focusing on Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Introduction to Bromocriptine QR

References

• . Mejía–Rodríguez O, Alvarez–Aguilar C, Vega–Gómez HE, Belio–Caro F, Vargas–Espinosa JM, Paniagua–Sierra JR. Bromocriptine induces regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in peritoneal dialysis patients. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2005;48:122–125
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Falk RH, Desilva RD, Lown B. Reduction in vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation by bromocriptine, a dopamine agonist. Cardiovasc Res. 1981;15(3):175–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Francis GS, Parks R, Cohn JN. The effects of bromocriptine in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J. 1983;106(1 pt 1):100–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sliwa K, Blauwet L, Tibazarwa K, . Evaluation of bromocriptine in the treatment of acute severe peripartum cardiomyopathy: a proof-of-concept pilot study. Circulation. 2010;121(13):1465–1473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Alexander RW, Gill JR Jr, Yamabe H, Lovenberg W, Keiser HR. Effects of dietary sodium and of acute saline infusion on the interrelationship between dopamine excretion and adrenergic activity in man. J Clin Investig. 1974;54(1):194–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sobel BE. Optimizing cardiovascular outcomes in diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 2007;120(9 suppl 2):S3–S11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(2):434–444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, Pyörälä K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(4):229–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Franco OH, Steyerberg EW, Hu, FB, Mackenbach J, Nusselder W. Associations of diabetes mellitus with total life expectancy and life expectancy with and without cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(11):1145–1151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wannamethee G, Whincup PH, Shaper AG, Walker M, MacFarlane PW. Factors determining case fatality in myocardial infarction “who dies in a heart attack?” Br Heart J. 1995;74(3):324–331
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Chun BY, Dobson AJ, Heller RF. The impact of diabetes on survival among patients with first myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(5):704–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Donnan PT, Boyle DI, Broomhall J, . Prognosis following first acute myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetes: a comparative population study. Diabet Med. 2002;19(6):448–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . De Groote P, Lamblin N, Mouquet F, . Impact of diabetes mellitus on long-term survival in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2004;25(8):656–662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . de Jong G, van Raak L, Kessels F, Lodder J. Stroke subtype and mortality. A follow-up study in 998 patients with a first cerebral infarct. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56(3):262–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Fraze T, Jiang HJ, Burgess J. Hospital Stays for Patients with Diabetes, 2008. Statistical Brief #93. Rockville, MD: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Bell DS. Heart failure: the frequent, forgotten, and often fatal complication of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(8):2433–2441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Menzin J, Korn JR, Cohen J, . Relationship between glycemic control and diabetes-related hospital costs in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Manag Care Pharm. 2010;16(4):264–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ceriello A. Diabetic complications: from oxidative stress to inflammatory cardiovascular disorders. Medicographia. 2011;33:29–34
   Google Scholar
• . Menzaghi C, Bacci S, Salvemini L, . Serum resistin is associated with coronary artery disease and predicts major cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes patients. Presented at: 47th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes; September 12–16, 2011; Rome, Italy. Abstract 124
   Google Scholar
• . Alkhalaf A, Gerrits EG, Landman GW, . Serum peroxiredoxin-4 and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (ZODIAC-28). Presented at: 47th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes; September 12–16, 2011; Rome, Italy. Abstract 122
   Google Scholar
• . Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, . Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. Br Med J. 2000;321(7258):405–412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . O'Keefe JH, Abuannadi M, Lavie CJ, Bell DS. Strategies for optimizing glycemic control and cardiovascular prognosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(2):128–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bell DS. Diabetes: a cardiac condition manifesting as hyperglgycemia. Endocr Pract. 2008;14(7):924–932
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bell DS. Inflammation, insulin resistance, infection, diabetes and atherosclerosis. Endocr Pract. 2000;6(3):272–276
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . O'Keefe JH, Bell DS. Postprandial hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia (postprandial dysmetabolism) is a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(5):899–904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bell DS, O'Keefe JH, Jellinger P. Postprandial dysmetabolism: the missing link between diabetes and cardiovascular events? Endocr Pract. 2008;14(1):112–124
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):854–865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Neil HA, Matthews DR. Long-term follow-up after tight control of blood pressure in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1565–1576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, ; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545–2559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, ; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2560–2572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, ; VADT Investigators. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(2):129–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Saremi A, Moritz TE, Anderson RJ, Abraira C, Duckworth WC, Reaven PD; Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). Rates and determinants of coronary and abdominal aortic artery calcium progression in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):2642–2647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ray KK, Seshasai SR, Wijesuriya S, . Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;373(9677):1765–1772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Skyler JS, Bergenstal R, Bonow RO, ; American Diabetes Association; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association. Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA diabetes trials: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):187–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hemmingsen B, Lund SS, Gluud C, . Intensive glycaemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d6898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mohan V, Vijayaprabha R, Rema M. Vascular complications in long-term South Indian NIDDM of over 25 years' duration. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1996;31(1–3):133–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Beghi E, Monticelli ML. Diabetic polyneuropathy in the elderly. Prevalence and risk factors in two geographic areas of Italy. Italian General Practitioner Study Group (IGPSG). Acta Neurol Scand. 1997;96(4):223–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ceriello A, Quatraro A, Marchi E, Barbanti M, Giugliano D. Impaired fibrinolytic response to increased thrombin activation in type 1 diabetes mellitus: effects of the glycosaminoglycan sulodexide. Diabetes Metab. 1993;19(2):225–229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rosenson RS, Fioretto P, Dodson PM. Does microvascular disease predict macrovascular events in type 2 diabetes? Atherosclerosis. 2011;218(1):13–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tibaldi J. Importance of postprandial glucose levels as a target for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. South Med J. 2009;102(1): 60–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Monnier L, Lapinski H, Colette C. Contributions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients: variations with increasing levels of HbA(1c). Diabetes Care. 2003;26(3):881–885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bell DS. Importance of postprandial glucose control. South Med J. 2001;94(8):804–809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cavalot F, Petrelli A, Traversa M, . Postprandial blood glucose is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in women: lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):813–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cavalot FL, Pagliarino A, Valle M, . Postprandial blood glucose predicts cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes in a 14-year follow-up: lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga diabetes study. Presented at: European Association for the Study of Diabetes; September 12–16, 2011; Lisbon, Portugal. Abstract 151
   Google Scholar
• . Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. The DECODE study group. European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative analysis Of Diagnostic criteria in Europe. Lancet. 1999;354(9179):617–621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Symlin [package insert]. San Diego, CA: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2007
   Google Scholar
• . Glucophage [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb; 2009
   Google Scholar
• . Glumetza [package insert]. San Diego, CA: Santarus, Inc.; 2011
   Google Scholar
• . Welchol [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ: Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.; 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Cycloset [package insert]. San Diego, CA: Santarus, Inc.; 2009
   Google Scholar
• . Januvia [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck, Sharp and Dohme Corp.; 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Onglyza [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb; 2011
   Google Scholar
• . Tradjenta [package insert]. Ridgefield, CT: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals; 2011
   Google Scholar
• . Prandin [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Novo Nordisk, Inc.; 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Starlix [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp.; 2011
   Google Scholar
• . Byetta [package insert]. San Diego, CA: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2011
   Google Scholar
• . Bydureon [package insert]. San Diego, CA: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Victoza [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Novo Nordisk, Inc.; 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Amaryl [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis: 2009
   Google Scholar
• . Glucotrol [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer Inc; 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Micronase [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer Inc; 2007
   Google Scholar
• . Actos [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc.; 2008
   Google Scholar
• . Avandia [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmith-Kline; 1999
   Google Scholar
• . Precose [package insert]. Wayne, NJ: Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2008
   Google Scholar
• . Glyset [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer Inc; 2004
   Google Scholar
• . Gaziano JM, Cincotta AH, O'Connor CM, . Randomized clinical trial of quick-release bromocriptine among patients with type 2 diabetes on overall safety and cardiovascular outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(7):1503–1508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, ; PROactive investigators. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9493):1279–1289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J, ; DREAM Trial Investigators. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368(9541):1096–1105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck–Nielsen H, ; RECORD Study Team. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9681):2125–2135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chiasson JL. Acarbose for the prevention of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Study to Prevent Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (STOP-NIDDM) Trial. Endocr Pract. 2006;12( suppl 1):25–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Tzoulaki I, Molokhia M, Curcin V, . Risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed oral antidiabetes drugs: retrospective cohort study using UK general practice research database. BMJ. 2009;339:b4731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mellbin LG, Malmberg K, Norhammar A, Wedel H, Rydén L; DIGAMI 2 Investigators. The impact of glucose lowering treatment on long-term prognosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction: a report from the DIGAMI 2 trial. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(2): 166–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bell DS. Importance of postprandial glucose levels in type 2 diabetes. South Med J. 2009;102(5):553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mazzone T, Meyer PM, Feinstein SB, . Effect of pioglitazone compared with glimepiride on carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296(21): 2572–2581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Wolski K, . Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299(13):1561–1573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Erdmann E, Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Massi–Benedetti M, Moules IK, Skene AM; PROactive Investigators. The effect of pioglitazone on recurrent myocardial infarction in 2,445 patients with type 2 diabetes and previous myocardial infarction: results from the PROactive (PROactive 05) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(17): 1772–1780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wilcox R, Bousser MG, Betteridge DJ, ; PROactive Investigators. Effects of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous stroke: results from PROactive (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events 04). Stroke. 2007;38(3):865–873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(24):2457–2471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Azoulay L, Yin H, Filion K, . The use of pioglitazone and the risk of bladder cancer in people with type 2 diabetes: nested case-control study. BMJ. 2012;344:e3645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tseng CH. Pioglitazone and bladder cancer: a population-based study of Taiwanese. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(2):278–280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Varanasi A, Patel P, Makdissi A, Dhindsa S, Chaudhuri A, Dandona P. Clinical use of liraglutide in type 2 diabetes, and its effects on cardiovascular risk factors. Endocr Pract. 2012;18(2):140–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chaudhuri A, Ghanim H, Vora M, . Exenatide exerts a potent anti-inflammatory effect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(1):198–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Fonseca VA. Ongoing clinical trials evaluating the cardiovascular safety and efficacy of therapeutic approaches to diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108( 3 suppl):52B–58B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lamanna C, Monami M, Bartoli N, Zannoni S, Mannucci E. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and cardiovascular events: a protective effect? Presented at: European Association for the Study of Diabetes; September 12–16, 2011; Lisbon, Portugal. Abstract 244
   Google Scholar
• . Hanefeld M, Cagatay M, Petrowitsch T, Neuserb D, Petzinnab D, Ruppc M. Acarbose reduces the risk for myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients: meta-analysis of seven long-term studies. Eur Heart J. 2004;25(1):10–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kurukulasuriya LR, Sowers JR. Therapies for type 2 diabetes: lowering HbA1c and associated cardiovascular risk factors. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010;9:45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Malmberg K, Norhammar A, Wedel H, Rydén L. Glycometabolic state at admission: important risk marker of mortality in conventionally treated patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction: long-term results from the Diabetes and Insulin-Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI) study. Circulation. 1999;99(20):2626–2632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Scranton RE, Cincotta A, Gaziano JM. The effect of timed Cycloset (a quick-release formulation of bromocriptine mesylate) on cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes [abstract A95]. Diabetes. 2008;57( suppl 1)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bell DS. Why does quick-release bromocriptine decrease cardiac events? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13(10):880–884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Scranton R, Cincotta A. Bromocriptine—unique formulation of a dopamine agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010;11(2):269–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Luo S, Liang Y, Cincotta AH. Intracerebroventricular administration of bromocriptine ameliorates the insulin-resistant/glucose-intolerant state in hamsters. Neuroendocrinology. 1999;69(3):160–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Meier A, Cincotta A. Circadian rhythms regulate the expression of the thrifty genotype/phenotype. Diabet Rev. 1996;4:476–487
   Google Scholar
• . Degronzo R. Bromocriptine: a sympatholytic d2-dopamine agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(4):789–794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Fonseca VA. Use of dopamine agonists in type-2-diabetes. Oxford American Pocket Cards. 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Cincotta A. Hypothalamic role in insulin resistance and insulin resistance syndrome. In: Hansen B, Shafrir E, eds. Frontiers in Animal Diabetes Research Series. London, UK: Taylor and Francis; 2002:271–312
   Google Scholar
• . Cincotta AH, Meier AH, Cincotta M Jr. Bromocriptine improves glycaemic control and serum lipid profile in obese type 2 diabetic subjects: a new approach in the treatment of diabetes. Exp Opin Investig Drugs. 1999;8(10):1683–1707
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Cincotta AH, Gaziano JM, Ezrokhi M, Scranton R. Cycloset (quick-release bromocriptine mesylate), a novel centrally acting treatment for type 2 diabetes. Presented at: 44th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes; September 7–11, 2008; Rome, Italy. Abstract 39
   Google Scholar
• . Scranton RE, Farwell W, Ezrokhi M, Gaziano JM, Cincotta AH. Quick release bromocriptine improves glycaemic control in patients with diabetes failing metformin/sulfonylurea combination therapy. Presented at: 44th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes; September 7–11, 2008; Rome, Italy. Abstract 930
   Google Scholar
• . Ezrokhi M, Scranton RE, Gaziano JM, Farwell W, Cincotta A. Duration of type 2 diabetes illness influence on the glycemic control effect of Cycloset, a quick release formulation of bromocriptine. Presented at: 8th Annual World Congress on Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease; November 4–6, 2010; Los Angeles, CA
   Google Scholar