131
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Features

New Horizons: Current and Potential Future Self-Treatments for Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Conditions

, MD & , MD
Pages 82-96 | Published online: 13 Mar 2015

References

  • . National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. Common Cold. 2011. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/commoncold/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed June 13, 2012
  • . Fendrick AM, Monto AS, Nightengale B, Sanies M. The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(4):487–494
  • . Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, . The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122( 2 suppl):S1–S84
  • . Lucas JW, Schiller JS, Benson V. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2001. Vital Health Stat 10. 2004;218:1–134
  • . Heikkinen T, Järvinen A. The common cold. Lancet. 2003;361(9351):51–59
  • . Kirkpatrick GL. The common cold. Prim Care. 1996;23(4):657–675
  • . Nathan RA. The burden of allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007;28(1):3–9
  • . Skoner DP. Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108( 1 suppl):S2–S8
  • . Radojicic C. Sinusitis: allergies, antibiotics, aspirin, asthma. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73(7):671–678
  • . Covington TR, Henkin R, Miller S, Sassetti M, Wright W. Treating the common cold: an expert panel consensus recommendation for primary care clinicians. EB CME. 2004;5(4):1–16. http://www.iafp.com/pdfs/common%20cold%20guideline%20final.pdf Accessed April 14, 2012
  • . Berardi RR, Ferreri SP, Hume AL, , eds. Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs: An Interactive Approach to Self-Care. 16th ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmacists Association; 2009
  • . Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton B. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2007
  • . Dicpinigaitis PV, Colice GL, Goolsby MJ, Rogg GL, Spector SL, Winther B. Acute cough: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Cough. 2009;5:11
  • . Schneider H, Roehrig RC, Coppolecchia R, . White paper on the benefits of OTC medicines in the United States: Report of the Consumer Healthcare Products Association's Clinical/Medical Committee. Pharmacy Today. 2010(October):68–79
  • . Harris Interactive: National Council on Patient Information and Education. Attitudes and beliefs about the use of over-the-counter medicines: a dose of reality. 2002. www.bemedwise.org/survey/final_survey.pdf Accessed July 15, 2012
  • . Eccles R. Over the counter medicines for colds. In: Eccles R, Weber O, eds. Common Cold. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhauser Verlag; 2009:249–273
  • . Glasgow JF. Reye's syndrome: the case for a causal link with aspirin. Drug Saf. 2006;29(12):1111–1121
  • . Lanas A, McCarthy D, Voelker M, Brueckner A, Senn S, Baron JA. Short-term acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) use for pain, fever, or colds—gastrointestinal adverse effects: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Drugs R D. 2011;11(3):277–288
  • . US Department of Health and Human Services. Organ-specific warnings; internal analgesic, antipyretic, and antirheumatic drug products for over-the-counter human use; final monograph; final rule. Federal Register. 2009;74(81):19385–19409
  • . Biskupiak JE, Brixner DI, Howard K, Oderda GM. Gastrointestinal complications of over-the-counter nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2006;20(3):7–14
  • . McGettigan P, Henry D. Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs: systematic review of population-based controlled observational studies. PLoS Med. 2011;8(9):e1001098
  • . Eccles R, Jawad MS, Jawad SS, Angello JT, Druce HM. Efficacy and safety of single and multiple doses of pseudoephedrine in the treatment of nasal congestion associated with common cold. Am J Rhinol. 2005;19(1):25–31
  • . Sperber SJ, Sorrentino JV, Riker DK, Hayden FG. Evaluation of an alpha agonist alone and in combination with a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent in the treatment of experimental rhinovirus colds. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1989;65(1):145–160
  • . Eccles R. Substitution of phenylephrine for pseudoephedrine as a nasal decongestant. An illogical way to control methamphetamine abuse. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63(1):10–14
  • . Hengstmann JH, Goronzy J. Pharmacokinetics of 3H-phenylephrine in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;21(4):335–341
  • . Young SS, Blandino DA, Engle JP, Reed EL, Tietze KJ. Appropriate Use of Common OTC Analgesics and Cough and Cold Medicines. Leawood, KS: American Academy of Family Physicians; 2008. http://www.aafp.org/online/etc/medialib/aafp_org/documents/news_pubs/mono/otc.Par.0001.File.tmp/OTCmonograph.pdf Accessed March 29, 2012
  • . Dicpinigaitis PV, Gayle YE. Effect of guaifenesin on cough reflex sensitivity. Chest. 2003;124(6):2178–2181
  • . Romanelli F, Smith KM. Dextromethorphan abuse: clinical effects and management. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2009;49(2):e20–e25; quiz e26–e27
  • . Gwaltney JM Jr, Druce HM. Efficacy of brompheniramine maleate for the treatment of rhino virus colds. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25(5):1188–1194
  • . Muether PS, Gwaltney JM Jr. Variant effect of first- and second-generation antihistamines as clues to their mechanism of action on the sneeze reflex in the common cold. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(9):1483–1488
  • . Björnsdóttir I, Einarson TR, Gudmundsson LS, Einarsdóttir RA. Efficacy of diphenhydramine against cough in humans: a review. Pharm World Sci. 2007;29(6):577–583
  • . Kaliner MA. Azelastine and olopatadine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009;103(5):373–380
  • . US Government. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Part 341—cold, cough, allergy, bronchodilator, and antiasthmatic drug products for over-the-counter human use. Title 21: Food and Drugs. 2012. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/search/pagedetails.action?browsePath=Title+21%2FCha-pter+I%2FSubchapter+D%2FPart+341&granuleId=CFR-2012-title21-vol5-part341&packageId=CFR-2012-title21-vol5&collapse=true&fromBrowse=true&bread=true. Accessed January 8, 2013
  • . US Government. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Part 343—internal analgesic, antipyretic, and antirheumatic drug products for over-the-counter human use. Title 21: Food and Drugs. 2012. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CFR-2011-title21-vol5/CFR-2011-title21-vol5-part343/content-detail.html. Accessed January 8, 2013
  • . US Department of Health and Human Services; US Food and Drug Administration; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Guidance for FDA Staff and Industry: Marketing Unapproved Drugs—Compliance Policy Guide. Silver Spring, MD: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2011
  • . Blaiss MS. Safety update regarding intranasal corticosteroids for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2011;32(6):413–418
  • . Bielory L, Blaiss M, Fineman SM, . Concerns about intranasal corticosteroids for over-the-counter use: position statement of the Joint Task Force for the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;96(4):514–525
  • . Singulair (montelukast sodium) tablets, chewable tablets, and oral granules [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc.; 2012
  • . Albalawi ZH, Othman SS, Alfaleh K. Intranasal ipratropium bromide for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;7:CD008231
  • . Atrovent HFA (ipratropium bromide HFA) inhalation aerosol [package insert]. Ridgefield, CT: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2011
  • . Strandeil B, Norgren—Holst E, Tran N, Jakobsen HB, Chen S. OTC use of a topical nasal spray solution containing xylometazoline plus ipratropium in patients with common cold. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;47(12):744–751
  • . Hayden FG, Kaiser DL, Albrecht JK. Intranasal recombinant alfa-2b interferon treatment of naturally occurring common colds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988;32(2):224–230
  • . Herzog C, Berger R, Fernex M, . Intranasal interferon (rIFN-alpha A, Ro 22–8181) for contact prophylaxis against common cold: a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled field study. Antiviral Res. 1986;6(3):171–176
  • . Clejan S, Mandrea E, Pandrea IV, Dufour J, Japa S, Veazey RS. Immune responses induced by intranasal imiquimod and implications for therapeutics in rhinovirus infections. J Cell Mol Med. 2005;9(2):457–461
  • . Carr W, Bernstein J, Lieberman P, . A novel intranasal therapy of azelastine with fluticasone for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(5):1282–1289
  • . Douglas RM, Chalker EB, Treacy B. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD000980
  • . Nahas R, Balla A. Complementary and alternative medicine for prevention and treatment of the common cold. Can Fam Physician. 2011;57(1):31–36
  • . Oduwole O, Meremikwu MM, Oyo—Ita A, Udoh EE. Honey for acute cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;3:CD007094
  • . Paul IM, Beiler J, McMonagle A, Shaffer ML, Duda L, Berlin CM Jr. Effect of honey, dextromethorphan, and no treatment on nocturnal cough and sleep quality for coughing children and their parents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(12):1140–1146
  • . Shadkam MN, Mozaffari—Khosravi H, Mozayan MR. A comparison of the effect of honey, dextromethorphan, and diphenhydramine on nightly cough and sleep quality in children and their parents. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16(7):787–793
  • . Usmani OS, Belvisi MG, Patel HJ, . Theobromine inhibits sensory nerve activation and cough. FASEB J. 2005;19(2):231–233
  • . Kim J, Oh S, Yu K, Shin S, Jang I. Safety and pharmacokinetics of theobromine after multiple administrations in healthy volunteers [abstract PI-81]. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85( suppl 1):S33
  • . Kim YW, Lee SM, Lee CT, . Clinical efficacy of theobromine for the treatment of cough in adults. Respirology. 2009;14( suppl 3):A132
  • . Kirmaz C, Bayrak P, Yilmaz O, Yuksel H. Effects of glucan treatment on the Th1/Th2 balance in patients with allergic rhinitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2005;16(2):128–134
  • . Da Silva CA, Pochard P, Lee CG, Elias JA. Chitin particles are multi-faceted immune adjuvants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(12):1482–1491
  • . Muzzarelli RA. Chitins and chitosans as immunoadjuvants and non-allergenic drug carriers. Mar Drugs. 2010;8(2):292–312
  • . Eccles R, Meier C, Jawad M, Weinmullner R, Grassauer A, Prieschl—Grassauer E. Efficacy and safety of an antiviral Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study in volunteers with early symptoms of the common cold. Respir Res. 2010;11:108
  • . Leyer GJ, Li S, Mubasher ME, Reifer C, Ouwehand AC. Probiotic effects on cold and influenza-like symptom incidence and duration in children. Pediatrics. 2009;124(2):e172–e179
  • . Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Oliveira M, McCauley T, Tauler P, Lawrence C. Effects of a Lactobacillus salivarius probiotic intervention on infection, cold symptom duration/severity and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012;22(4):235–242
  • . Peterson KM, O'Shea M, Stam W, Mohede IC, Patrie JT, Hayden FG. Effects of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on experimental human rhinovirus infection and illness. Antivir Ther. 2009;14(1):33–43
  • . Bernstein JA, Davis BP, Picard JK, Cooper JP, Zheng S, Levin LS. A randomized, double-blind, parallel trial comparing capsaicin nasal spray with placebo in subjects with a significant component of nonallergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011;107(2):171–178
  • . Cold Fleece Patch. http://pharmalicensing.com/public/outlicensing/view/1365/cold-fleece-patch. Accessed July 16, 2012
  • . Linde K, Barrett B, Wolkart K, Bauer R, Melchart D. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;1:CD000530
  • . Scaglione F, Cattaneo G, Alessandria M, Cogo R. Efficacy and safety of the standardised ginseng extract G115 for potentiating vaccination against the influenza syndrome and protection against the common cold [corrected]. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1996;22(2):65–72
  • . Timmer A, Gunther J, Rucker G, Motschall E, Antes G, Kern WV. Pelargonium sidoides extract for acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;3:CD006323
  • . Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J Jr. Investigation of the influence of EPs® 7630, a herbal drug preparation from Pelargonium sidoides, on replication of a broad panel of respiratory viruses. Phytomedicine. 2011;18(5):384–386
  • . Glatthaar—Saalmüller B, Rauchhaus U, Rode S, Haunschild J, Saalmüller A. Antiviral activity in vitro of two preparations of the herbal medicinal product Sinupret(R) against viruses causing respiratory infections. Phytomedicine. 2011;19(1):1–7
  • . Singh A, Holvoet S, Mercenier A. Dietary polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41(10):1346–1359
  • . Wong WC, Lee A, Lam AT, . Effectiveness of a Chinese herbal medicine preparation in the treatment of cough in uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection: a randomised double-blinded placebo-control trial. Cough. 2006;2:5
  • . Wong W, Lam CL, Fong DY. Treatment effectiveness of two Chinese herbal medicine formulae in upper respiratory tract infections—a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Fam Pract. 2012;29(6):643–652
  • . Rehman NU, Khan AU, Alkharfy KM, Gilani AH. Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Lepidium sativum in airways disorders. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:596524
  • . Schütz K, Sass M, de With A, Graubaum HJ, Grunwald J. Immune-modulating efficacy of a polyphenol-rich beverage on symptoms associated with the common cold: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multi-centric clinical study. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1156–1164
  • . Kassel JC, King D, Spurling GK. Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;3:CD006821
  • . Tano L, Tano K. A daily nasal spray with saline prevents symptoms of rhinitis. Acta Otolaryngol. 2004;124(9):1059–1062
  • . Wang YH, Yang CP, Ku MS, Sun HL, Lue KH. Efficacy of nasal irrigation in the treatment of acute sinusitis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73(12):1696–1701
  • . Passàli D, Damiani V, Passàli FM, Passàli GC, Bellussi L. Atomized nasal douche vs nasal lavage in acute viral rhinitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131(9):788–790
  • . Hull D, Rennie P, Noronha A, . Effects of creating a non-specific, virus-hostile environment in the nasopharynx on symptoms and duration of common cold. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2007;27(2):73–77
  • . Singh M. Heated, humidified air for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3:CD001728
  • . Mahecha LA. Rx-to-OTC switches: trends and factors underlying success. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006;5(5):380–385
  • . Consumer Healthcare Products Association. Ingredients and dosages transferred from Rx-to-OTC status (or new OTC approvals) by the Food and Drug Administration since 1975. 2011. http://www.chpa-info.org/media/resources/r_4620.pdf Accessed July 23, 2012
  • . de Moor C, Reardon G, McLaughlin J, Maiese EM, Navaratnam P. A retrospective comparison of acute rhinosinusitis outcomes in patients prescribed antibiotics, mometasone furoate nasal spray, or both. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2012;26(4):308–314
  • . Khan DA. Over-the-counter intranasal corticosteroids: empowering the patient or putting them in harm's way? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;96(4):506–508
  • . Beconase Aq [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2005
  • . Flonase [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2003
  • . Nasonex [package insert]. Kenilworth, NJ: Schering Corp.; 2010
  • . Mucha SM, deTineo M, Naclerio RM, Baroody FM. Comparison of montelukast and pseudoephedrine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;132(2):164–172
  • . Graf P, Eccles R, Chen S. Efficacy and safety of intranasal xylometazoline and ipratropium in patients with common cold. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009;10(5):889–908
  • . Eccles R, Pedersen A, Regberg D, Tulento H, Borum P, Stjarne P. Efficacy and safety of topical combinations of ipratropium and xylometazoline for the treatment of symptoms of runny nose and nasal congestion associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection. Am J Rhinol. 2007;21(1):40–45
  • . Eccles R, Martensson K, Chen SC. Effects of intranasal xylometazoline, alone or in combination with ipratropium, in patients with common cold. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(4):889–899
  • . Hayden FG, Albrecht JK, Kaiser DL, Gwaltney JM Jr. Prevention of natural colds by contact prophylaxis with intranasal alpha 2-interferon. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(2):71–75
  • . Gwaltney JM. Viral respiratory infection therapy: historical perspectives and current trials. Am J Med. 2002;112( suppl 6A):33S–41S
  • . Gwaltney JM Jr. Combined antiviral and antimediator treatment of rhinovirus colds. J Infect Dis. 1992;166(4):776–782
  • . Gwaltney JM Jr, Winther B, Patrie JT, Hendley JO. Combined antiviral-antimediator treatment for the common cold. J Infect Dis. 2002;186(2):147–154
  • . Gao L, Yu S, Chen Q, . A randomized controlled trial of low-dose recombinant human interferons alpha-2b nasal spray to prevent acute viral respiratory infections in military recruits. Vaccine. 2010;28(28):4445–4451
  • . www.ClinicalTrials.gov. Interferon alpha lozenges in the prevention of winter colds and flu. NCT00895947. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00895947. Last updated September 12, 2011. Accessed August 1, 2012
  • . Kaliner MA, Storms W, Tilles S, . Comparison of olopatadine 0.6% nasal spray versus fluticasone propionate 50 microg in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2009;30(3):255–262
  • . Meltzer EO, Blaiss M, Fairchild CJ. Comprehensive report of olopatadine 0.6% nasal spray as treatment for children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2011;32(3):213–220
  • . Novick SG, Godfrey JC, Godfrey NJ, Wilder HR. How does zinc modify the common cold? Clinical observations and implications regarding mechanisms of action. Med Hypotheses. 1996;46(3):295–302
  • . Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(2):85–94
  • . Jackson JL, Lesho E, Peterson C. Zinc and the common cold: a meta-analysis revisited. J Nutr. 2000;130( 5S suppl):1512S–1515S
  • . D'Cruze H, Arroll B, Kenealy T. Is intranasal zinc effective and safe for the common cold? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prim Health Care. 2009;1(2):134–139
  • . Cohen HA, Rozen J, Kristal H, . Effect of honey on nocturnal cough and sleep quality: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):465–471
  • . Eccles R. Importance of placebo effect in cough clinical trials. Lung. 2010;188( suppl 1):S53–S61
  • . Wise PM, Breslin PA, Dalton P. Sweet taste and menthol increase cough reflex thresholds. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2012;25(3):236–241
  • . Mokry J, Nosalova G. The influence of the PDE inhibitors on cough reflex in guinea pigs. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2011;112(3):131–135
  • . Mokry J, Nosalova G, Mokra D. Influence of xanthine derivatives on cough and airway reactivity in guinea pigs. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;60( suppl 5):87–91
  • . The Hershey Company. Nutrition and wellness: theobromine. 2012. http://www.thehersheycompany.com/nutrition-and-wellness/choco-late-101/theobromine.aspx. Accessed August 1, 2012
  • . SEEK. SEEK and Pernix™ Therapeutics appoint J. P. Morgan to auction theobromine (BC1036) asset: first potential new active cough treatment in over 50 years [news release]. London, UK: SEEK; March 24, 2011. http://www.seekacure.com/news/110328_SEEK_Appoint_JPMorgan.html. Accessed August 1, 2012
  • . Chan GC, Chan WK, Sze DM. The effects of beta-glucan on human immune and cancer cells. J Hematol Oncol. 2009;2:25
  • . Fuller R, Butt H, Noakes PS, Kenyon J, Yam TS, Calder PC. Influence of yeast-derived 1,3/1,6 glucopolysaccharide on circulating cytokines and chemokines with respect to upper respiratory tract infections. Nutrition. 2012;28(6):665–669
  • . Damiani V, Di Carlo M, Grappasonni G, Di Domenico R, Dominici P. Efficacy of a new medical device based on colloidal silver and carbossimetyl beta glucan in treatment of upper airways disease in children. Minerva Pediatr. 2011;63(5):347–354
  • . Strong P, Clark H, Reid K. Intranasal application of chitin micro-particles down-regulates symptoms of allergic hypersensitivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Aspergillus fumigatus in murine models of allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32(12):1794–1800
  • . Grassauer AWeinmuellner R, Meier C, Pretsch A Prieschl—Grassauer E, Unger H. Iota-Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of rhinovirus infection. Virol J. 2008;5:107
  • . US Food and Drug Administration: GRAS substances (SCOGS) database. 2006. http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/GenerallyRecognizedasSafeGRAS/default.htm. Accessed July 18, 2012
  • . Khani S, Hosseini HM, Taheri M, Nourani MR Imani Fooladi AA. Pro-biotics as an alternative strategy for prevention and treatment of human diseases: a review. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2012;11(2):79–89
  • . Winkler P, de Vrese M, Laue C, Schrezenmeir J. Effect of a dietary supplement containing probiotic bacteria plus vitamins and minerals on common cold infections and cellular immune parameters. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;43(7):318–326
  • . de Vrese M, Winkler P, Rautenberg P, . Effect of Lactobacillus gassed PA 16/8, Bifidobacterium longum SP 07/3, B. bifidum MF 20/5 on common cold episodes: a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2005;24(4):481–491
  • . Turchet P, Laurenzano M, Auboiron S, Antoine JM. Effect of fermented milk containing the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 on winter infections in free-living elderly subjects: a randomised, controlled pilot study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2003;7(2):75–77
  • . Kekkonen RA, Vasankari TJ, Vuorimaa T, Haahtela T, Julkunen I, Korpela R. The effect of probiotics on respiratory infections and gastrointestinal symptoms during training in marathon runners. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2007;17(4):352–363
  • . Tubelius P, Stan V, Zachrisson A. Increasing work-place healthiness with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Environ Health. 2005;4:25
  • . Chapkin RS, Kim W, Lupton JR, McMurray DN. Dietary docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid: emerging mediators of inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009;81(2–3):187–191
  • . Ciabatti PG, D'Ascanio L. Intranasal capsicum spray in idiopathic rhinitis: a randomized prospective application regimen trial. Acta Otolaryngol. 2009;129(4):367–371
  • . www.ClinicalTrials.gov. Comparative study of Sinol and Sinol-M in patients with congestion due to allergic rhinitis (SMAN). NCT00825656. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00825656. Last updated January 21, 2009. Accessed August 1, 2012
  • . Eccles R, Jawad MS, Morris S. The effects of oral administration of (-)-menthol on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation of airflow in subjects suffering from nasal congestion associated with the common cold. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1990;42(9):652–654
  • . Barrett B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(1):66–86
  • . Goel V, Lovlin R, Chang C, . A proprietary extract from the echinacea plant (Echinacea purpurea) enhances systemic immune response during a common cold. Phytother Res. 2005;19(8):689–694
  • . Raduner S, Majewska A, Chen JZ, . Alkylamides from Echinacea are a new class of cannabinomimetics. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor-dependent and -independent immunomodulatory effects. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(20):14192–14206
  • . Sharma M, Arnason JT, Burt A, Hudson JB. Echinacea extracts modulate the pattern of chemokine and cytokine secretion in rhinovirus-infected and uninfected epithelial cells. Phytother Res. 2006;20(2):147–152
  • . Huntley AL, Thompson Coon J, Ernst E. The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2005;28(5):387–400
  • . Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, . Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290(21):2824–2830
  • . Mullins RJ, Heddle R. Adverse reactions associated with echinacea: the Australian experience. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;88(1):42–51
  • . Pannacci M, Lucini V, Colleoni F, . Panax ginseng CA. Mayer G115 modulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production in mice throughout the increase of macrophage toll-like receptor 4 expression during physical stress. Brain Behav Immun. 2006;20(6):546–551
  • . Scaglione F, Ferrara F, Dugnani S, Falchi M, Santoro G, Fraschini F. Immunomodulatory effects of two extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1990;16(10):537–542
  • . Predy GN, Goel V, Lovlin R, Donner A, Stitt L, Basu TK. Efficacy of an extract of North American ginseng containing poly-furanosyl-pyranosyl-saccharides for preventing upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2005;173(9):1043–1048
  • . Coon JT, Ernst E. Panax ginseng: a systematic review of adverse effects and drug interactions. Drug Saf. 2002;25(5):323–344
  • . Seely D, Dugoua JJ, Perri D, Mills E, Koren G. Safety and efficacy of panax ginseng during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;15(1):e87–e94
  • . Lizogub VG, Riley DS, Heger M. Efficacy of a pelargonium sidoides preparation in patients with the common cold: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Explore (NY). 2007;3(6):573–584
  • . Teschke R, Frenzel C, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Spontaneous reports of primarily suspected herbal hepatotoxicity by Pelargonium sidoides: was causality adequately ascertained? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2012;63(1):1–9
  • . Melzer J, Saller R, Schapowal A, Brignoli R. Systematic review of clinical data with BNO-101 (Sinupret) in the treatment of sinusitis. Forsch Komplementmed. 2006;13(2):78–87
  • . Virgin F, Zhang S, Schuster D, . The bioflavonoid compound, Sinupret, stimulates transepithelial chloride transport in vitro and in vivo. Laryngoscope. 2010;120(5):1051–1056
  • . Rossi A, Dehm F, Kiesselbach C, Haunschild J, Sautebin L, Werz O. The novel Sinupret® dry extract exhibits anti-inflammatory effectiveness in vivo. Fitoterapia. 2012;83(4):715–720
  • . Guo R, Canter PH, Ernst E. Herbal medicines for the treatment of rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;135(4):496–506
  • . Yoshimura M, Enomoto T, Dake Y, . An evaluation of the clinical efficacy of tomato extract for perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergol Int. 2007;56(3):225–230
  • . Hirano T, Kawai M, Arimitsu J, . Preventative effect of a flavonoid, enzymatically modified isoquercitrin on ocular symptoms of Japanese cedar pollinosis. Allergol Int. 2009;58(3):373–382
  • . Kawai M, Hirano T, Arimitsu J, . Effect of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin, a flavonoid, on symptoms of Japanese cedar pollinosis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2009;149(4):359–368
  • . Enomoto T, Nagasako—Akazome Y, Kanda T, Ikeda M, Dake Y. Clinical effects of apple polyphenols on persistent allergic rhinitis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel arm study. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2006;16(5):283–289
  • . Kishi K, Saito M, Saito T, . Clinical efficacy of apple polyphenol for treating cedar pollinosis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005;69(4):829–832
  • . Ghosh S, Chisti Y, Banerjee UC. Production of shikimic acid. Biotechnol Adv. 2012;30(6):1425–1431
  • . Ize—Ludlow D, Ragone S, Brack IS, Bernstein JN, Duchowny M, Pefla BM. Neurotoxicities in infants seen with the consumption of star anise tea. Pediatrics. 2004;114(5):e653–e656
  • . FDA warns consumers about star anise teas. FDA Consum. 2003;37(6):4
  • . Rabago D, Zgierska A. Saline nasal irrigation for upper respiratory conditions. Am Fam Physician. 2009;80(10):1117–1119
  • . Psaltis AJ, Foreman A, Wormald PJ, Schlosser RJ. Contamination of sinus irrigation devices: a review of the evidence and clinical relevance. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2012;26(3):201–203

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.