551
Views
56
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Focus: Diabetes and Concomitant Disorders

Genital Mycotic Infections in Patients With Diabetes

, MD & , MD
Pages 33-46 | Published online: 13 Mar 2015

References

  • . Grigoriou O, Baka S, Makrakis E, Hassiakos D, Kapparos G, Kouskouni E. Prevalence of clinical vaginal candidiasis in a university hospital and possible risk factors. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006;126(1):121–125
  • . Lisboa C, Santos A, Dias C, Azevedo F, Pina-Vaz C, Rodrigues A. Candida balanitis: risk factors. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(7):820–826
  • . Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2008. JAMA. 2010;303(3):235–241
  • . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes. Successes and opportunities for population-based prevention and control: at a glance 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/AAG/ddt.htm. Updated August 1, 2011. Accessed January 10, 2013
  • . Basile J. A new approach to glucose control in type 2 diabetes: the role of kidney sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition. Postgrad Med. 2011;123(4):38–45
  • . Clar C, Gill JA, Court R, Waugh N. Systematic review of SGLT2 receptor inhibitors in dual or triple therapy in type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open. 2012;2(5). pii: e001007
  • . Bailey CJ, Gross JL, Pieters A, Bastien A List JF. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9133):2223–2233
  • . Bristol-Myers Squibb; AstraZeneca; US Food and Drug Administration; Endocrinologic and Metabolic Advisory Committee. Background document. Dapagliflozin. BMS-512148. www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/…/Drugs/…/UCM262996.pdf. Report date June 13, 2011. Accessed January 10, 2013
  • . Nyirjesy P, Zhao Y, Ways K, Usiskin K. Evaluation of vulvovaginal symptoms and Candida colonization in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(7):1173–1178
  • . Janssen Research and Development, LLC; Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee. Canagliflozin as an adjunctive treatment to diet and exercise alone or co-administered with other antihyperglycemic agents to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM334551.pdf. Released January 10, 2013. Accessed February 10, 2013
  • . Beigi RH, Meyn LA, Moore DM, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Vaginal yeast colonization in nonpregnant women: a longitudinal study. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(5 pt 1):926–930
  • . Hurley R, De Louvois J. Candida vaginitis. Postgrad Med J. 1979;55(647):645–647
  • . Foxman B, Barlow R, D'Arcy H, Gillespie B, Sobel JD. Candida vaginitis: self-reported incidence and associated costs. Sex Transm Dis. 2000;27(4):230–235
  • . Corsello S, Spinillo A, Osnengo G, . An epidemiological survey of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Italy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003;110(1):66–72
  • . Foxman B, Muraglia R, Dietz JP, Sobel JD, Wagner J. Prevalence of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in 5 European countries and the United States: results from an internet panel survey [published online ahead of print March 12, 2013]. J Low Genit Tract Dis
  • . Foxman B, Marsh JV, Gillespie B, Sobel JD. Frequency and response to vaginal symptoms among white and African American women: results of a random digit dialing survey. J Womens Health. 1998;7(9):1167–1174
  • . Goswami R, Dadhwal V, Tejaswi S, . Species-specific prevalence of vaginal candidiasis among patients with diabetes mellitus and its relation to their glycaemic status. J Infect. 2000;41(2):162–166
  • . de Leon EM, Jacober SJ, Sobel JD, Foxman B. Prevalence and risk factors for vaginal Candida colonization in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. BMC Infect Dis. 2002;2:1
  • . Faraji R, Rahimi MA, Rezvanmadani F, Hashemi M. Prevalence of vaginal candidiasis infection in diabetic women. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2012;6(11):2773–2778
  • . Kendirci M, Koç AN, Kurtoglu S, Keskin M, Kuyucu T. Vulvovaginal candidiasis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2004;17(11):1545–1549
  • . Peer AK, Hoosen AA, Seedat MA van den Ende J, Omar MA. Vaginal yeast infections in diabetic women. S Afr Med J. 1993;83(10):727–729
  • . Adverse events and their association with treatment regimens in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care. 1995;18(11):1415–1427
  • . Hirji I, Andersson SW, Guo Z, Hammar N, Gomez-Caminero A. Incidence of genital infection among patients with type 2 diabetes in the UK General Practice Research Database. J Diabetes Complications. 2012;26(6):501–505
  • . Donders GG, Prenen H, Verbeke G, Reybrouck R. Impaired tolerance for glucose in women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(4):989–993
  • . Ehrström S, Yu A, Rylander E. Glucose in vaginal secretions before and after oral glucose tolerance testing in women with and without recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(6):1432–1437
  • . Fidel PL Jr, Vazquez JA, Sobel JD. Candida glabrata: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical disease with comparison to C. albicans. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(1):80–96
  • . Buscemi L, Arechavala A, Negroni R. Study of acute vulvovaginitis in sexually active adult women, with special reference to candidosis, in patients of the Francisco J. Muñiz Infectious Diseases Hospital [in Spanish]. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2004;21(4):177–181
  • . Okungbowa FI, Isikhuemhen OS, Dede AP. The distribution frequency of Candida species in the genitourinary tract among symptomatic individuals in Nigerian cities. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2003;20(2):60–63
  • . Nyirjesy P, Alexander AB, Weitz MV. Vaginal Candida parapsilosis: pathogen or bystander? Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2005;13(1):37–41
  • . Singh S, Sobel JD, Bhargava P, Boikov D, Vazquez JA. Vaginitis due to Candida krusei: epidemiology, clinical aspects, and therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(9):1066–1070
  • . Goswami D, Goswami R, Banerjee U, . Pattern of Candida species isolated from patients with diabetes mellitus and vulvovaginal candidiasis and their response to single dose oral fluconazole therapy. J Infect. 2006;52(2):111–117
  • . Ray D, Goswami R, Banerjee U, . Prevalence of Candida glabrata and its response to boric acid vaginal suppositories in comparison with oral fluconazole in patients with diabetes and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(2):312–317
  • . Kennedy MA, Sobel JD. Vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by non-albicans Candida species: new insights. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010;12(6):465–470
  • . Bauters TG, Dhont MA, Temmerman MI, Nelis HJ. Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis and susceptibility to fluconazole in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(3):569–574
  • . Holland J, Young ML, Lee O C-A, Chen S. Vulvovaginal carriage of yeasts other than Candida albicans. Sex Transm Infect. 2003;79(3):249–250
  • . Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Gulminetti R, Marone P, Colonna L, Piazzi G. Prevalence of and risk factors for fungal vaginitis caused by non-albicans species. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176(1 pt 1):138–141
  • . Chong PP, Lee YL, Tan BC, Ng KP. Genetic relatedness of Candida strains isolated from women with vaginal candidiasis in Malaysia. J Med Microbiol. 2003;52(pt 8):657–666
  • . Sobel JD. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;152(7 pt 2):924–935
  • . García-Tamayo J, Castillo G, Martínez AJ. Human genital candidiasis: histochemistry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Acta Cytol. 1982;26(1):7–14
  • . Sobel JD. Vulvovaginal candidosis. Lancet. 2007;369(9577):1961–1971
  • . Bagdade JD, Root KK, Bulger RJ. Impaired leukocyte function in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Diabetes. 1974;23(1):9–15
  • . Raith L, Csató M, Dobozy A. Decreased Candida albicans killing activity of granulocytes from patients with diabetes mellitus. Mykosen. 1983;26(11):557–564
  • . Wilson RM, Reeves WG. Neutrophil phagocytosis and killing in insulin-dependent diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol. 1986;63(2):478–484
  • . Wilson RM, Tomlinson DR, Reeves WG. Neutrophil sorbitol production impairs oxidative killing in diabetes. Diabet Med. 1987;4(1):37–40
  • . Hostetter MK. Handicaps to host defense. Effects of hyperglycemia on C3 and Candida albicans. Diabetes. 1990;39(3):271–275
  • . Davidson NJ, Sowden JM, Fletcher J. Defective phagocytosis in insulin controlled diabetics: evidence for a reaction between glucose and opsonising proteins. J Clin Pathol. 1984;37(7):783–786
  • . Rurangirwa A, Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE. Growth of Candida albicans on the stratum corneum of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Mycoses. 1990;33(5):253–255
  • . Segal E, Soroka A, Schechter A. Correlative relationship between adherence of Candida albicans to human vaginal epithelial cells in vitro and candidal vaginitis. Sabouraudia. 1984;22(3):191–200
  • . Sobel JD, Myers PG, Kaye D, Levison ME. Adherence of Candida albicans to human vaginal and buccal epithelial cells. J Infect Dis. 1981;143(1):76–82
  • . Sobel JD. Pathogenesis of Candida vulvovaginitis. Curr Top Med Mycol. 1989;3:86–108
  • . Jackson RA, Bryan CS, Weeks BA. Phagocytosis of Candida albicans by polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal and diabetic subjects. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1979;121B:33–37
  • . Geiger AM, Foxman B. Risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis: a case-control study among university students. Epidemiology. 1996;7(2):182–187
  • . Chaim W, Foxman B, Sobel JD. Association of recurrent vaginal candidiasis and secretory ABO and Lewis phenotype. J Infect Dis. 1997;176(3):828–830
  • . Babula O, Lazdāne G, Kroica J, Linhares IM, Ledger WJ, Witkin SS. Frequency of interleukin-4 (IL-4) −589 gene polymorphism and vaginal concentrations of IL-4, nitric oxide, and mannose-binding lectin in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(9):1258–1262
  • . Giraldo PC, Babula O, Gonçalves AK, . Mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphism, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109(5):1123–1128
  • . Jaeger M, Plantinga TS, Joosten LA, Kullberg BJ, Netea MG. Genetic basis for recurrent vulvo-vaginal candidiasis [published online ahead of print January 25, 2013]. Curr Infect Dis Rep
  • . Babic M, Hukic M. Candida albicans and non-albicans species as etiological agent of vaginitis in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2010;10(1):89–97
  • . Galask RP. Vaginal colonization by bacteria and yeast. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;158(4):993–995
  • . Davidson F, Oates JK. The pill does not cause ‘thrush’. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985;92(12):1265–1266
  • . Cetin M, Ocak S, Gungoren A, Hakverdi AU. Distribution of Candida species in women with vulvovaginal symptoms and their association with different ages and contraceptive methods. Scand J Infect Dis. 2007;39(6–7):584–588
  • . Reed BD, Zazove P, Pierson CL, Gorenflo DW, Horrocks J. Candida transmission and sexual behaviors as risks for a repeat episode of Candida vulvovaginitis. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2003;12(10):979–989
  • . Dennerstein GJ, Ellis DH. Oestrogen, glycogen and vaginal candidiasis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;41(3):326–328
  • . Huang AJ, Moore EE, Boyko EJ, . Vaginal symptoms in postmenopausal women: self-reported severity, natural history, and risk factors. Menopause. 2010;17(1):121–126
  • . Larsen B, Goplerud CP, Petzold CR, Ohm-Smith MJ, Galask RP. Effect of estrogen treatment on the genital tract flora of postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 1982;60(1):20–24
  • . Pirotta MV, Garland SM. Genital Candida species detected in samples from women in Melbourne, Australia, before and after treatment with antibiotics. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(9):3213–3217
  • . Bluestein D, Rutledge C, Lumsden L. Predicting the occurrence of antibiotic-induced candidal vaginitis (AICV). Fam Pract Res J. 1991;11(3):319–326
  • . Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Acciano S, De Santolo A, Zara F. Effect of antibiotic use on the prevalence of symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(1 pt 1):14–17
  • . Wilton L, Kollarova M, Heeley E, Shakir S. Relative risk of vaginal candidiasis after use of antibiotics compared with antidepressants in women: postmarketing surveillance data in England. Drug Saf. 2003;26(8):589–597
  • . Pultz NJ, Stiefel U, Ghannoum M, Helfand MS, Donskey CJ. Effect of parenteral antibiotic administration on establishment of intestinal colonization by Candida glabrata in adult mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(1):438–440
  • . Geiger AM, Foxman B, Sobel JD. Chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis: characteristics of women with Candida albicans, C glabrata and no Candida. Genitourin Med. 1995;71(5):304–307
  • . Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Stamm WE. Effects of recent sexual activity and use of a diaphragm on the vaginal microflora. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19(2):274–278
  • . Foxman B. The epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis: risk factors. Am J Public Health. 1990;80(3):329–331
  • . Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Nicola S, Baltaro F, Ferrari A, Monaco A. The impact of oral contraception on vulvovaginal candidiasis. Contraception. 1995;51(5):293–297
  • . Nyirjesy P, Sobel JD. Vulvovaginal candidiasis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2003;30(4):671–684
  • . Schuman P, Sobel JD, Ohmit SE, . Mucosal candidal colonization and candidiasis in women with or at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) Group. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27(5):1161–1167
  • . Tien PC, Schneider MF, Cole SR, . Antiretroviral therapy exposure and incidence of diabetes mellitus in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. AIDS. 2007;21(13):1739–1745
  • . Tien PC, Schneider MF, Cole SR, . Antiretroviral therapy exposure and insulin resistance in the Women's Interagency HIV study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;49(4):369–376
  • . Duerr A, Heilig CM, Meikle SF, ; HER Study Group. Incident and persistent vulvovaginal candidiasis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women: risk factors and severity. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101(3):548–556
  • . Witkin SS, Jeremias J, Ledger WJ. A localized vaginal allergic response in women with recurrent vaginitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988;81(2):412–416
  • . Carvalho LP, Bacellar O, Neves N, de Jesus AR, Carvalho EM. Downregulation of IFN-gamma production in patients with recurrent vaginal candidiasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(1):102–105
  • . Neves NA, Carvalho LP, De Oliveira MA, . Association between atopy and recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;142(1):167–171
  • . Sherrard J, Donders G, White D, Jensen JS; European IUSTI. European (IUSTI/WHO) guideline on the management of vaginal discharge, 2011. Int J STD AIDS. 2011;22(8):421–429
  • . Anderson MR, Klink K, Cohrssen A. Evaluation of vaginal complaints. JAMA. 2004;291(11):1368–1379
  • . Eckert LO, Hawes SE, Stevens CE, Koutsky LA, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: clinical manifestations, risk factors, management algorithm. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92(5):757–765
  • . Sobel JD, Faro S, Force RW, . Vulvovaginal candidiasis: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178(2):203–211
  • . Bergman JJ, Berg AO, Schneeweiss R, Heidrich FE. Clinical comparison of microscopic and culture techniques in the diagnosis of Candida vaginitis. J Fam Pract. 1984;18(4):549–552
  • . Odds FC. Candidosis of the genitalia. In: Candida and Candidosis: A Review and Bibliography. 2nd ed. London, England: W. B. Saunders/Baillière Tindall; 1988:124
  • . Ferris DG, Dekle C, Litaker MS. Women's use of over-the-counter antifungal medications for gynecologic symptoms. J Fam Pract. 1996;42(6):595–600
  • . Allen-Davis JT, Beck A, Parker R, Ellis JL, Polley D. Assessment of vulvovaginal complaints: accuracy of telephone triage and in-office diagnosis. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99(1):18–22
  • . Hoffstetter S, Barr S, LeFevre C, Gavard JA. Telephone triage: diagnosis of candidiasis based upon self-reported vulvovaginal symptoms. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2012;16(3):251–255
  • . Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59(RR-12):1–110
  • . Nurbhai M, Grimshaw J, Watson M, Bond C, Mollison J, Ludbrook A. Oral versus intra-vaginal imidazole and triazole anti-fungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;4:CD002845
  • . Ritter W. Pharmacokinetic fundamentals of vaginal treatment with clotrimazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;152(7 pt 2):945–947
  • . Houang ET, Chappatte O, Byrne D, Macrae PV, Thorpe JE. Fluconazole levels in plasma and vaginal secretions of patients after a 150-milligram single oral dose and rate of eradication of infection in vaginal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990;34(5):909–910
  • . Sobel JD, Kapernick PS, Zervos M, . Treatment of complicated Candida vaginitis: comparison of single and sequential doses of fluconazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(2):363–369
  • . Redondo-Lopez V, Lynch M, Schmitt C, Cook R, Sobel JD. Torulopsis glabrata vaginitis: clinical aspects and susceptibility to antifungal agents. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;76(4):651–655
  • . Sobel JD. Management of infections caused by Candida glabrata. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2000;2(5):424–428
  • . Sobel JD, Chaim W, Nagappan V, Leaman D. Treatment of vaginitis caused by Candida glabrata: use of topical boric acid and flucytosine. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;1&9(5): 1297–1300
  • . Horowitz BJ. Topical flucytosine therapy for chronic recurrent Candida tropicalis infections. J Reprod Med. 1986;31(9):821–824
  • . Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D, ; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(5):503–535
  • . Phillips AJ. Treatment of non-albicans Candida vaginitis with amphotericin B vaginal suppositories. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(6):2009–2012; discussion 2012–2013
  • . Young GL, Jewell D. Topical treatment for vaginal candidiasis (thrush) in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;4:CD000225
  • . Triplitt C. Drug interactions of medications commonly used in diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum. 2006;19(4):202–211
  • . Fournier JP, Schneider S, Martinez P, . Hypoglycemic coma in a patient treated with glipizide and fluconazole: a possible interaction [in French]? Therapie. 1992;47(5):446–447
  • . Lazar JD, Wilner KD. Drug interactions with fluconazole. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12( suppl 3):S327–S333
  • . Perfect JR, Lindsay MH, Drew RH. Adverse drug reactions to systemic antifungals. Prevention and management. Drug Saf. 1992;7(5):323–363
  • . Tobin MJ. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: topical vs. oral therapy. Am Fam Physician. 1995;51(7):1715–1720, 1723–1724
  • . White DJ, Vanthuyne A. Vulvovaginal candidiasis. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82( suppl 4):iv28–iv30
  • . Sobel JD. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. A prospective study of the efficacy of maintenance ketoconazole therapy. N Engl J Med. 1986;315(23):1455–1458
  • . Davidson F, Mould RF. Recurrent genital candidosis in women and the effect of intermittent prophylactic treatment. Br J Vener Dis. 1978;54(3):176–183
  • . Guaschino S, De Seta F, Sartore A, . Efficacy of maintenance therapy with topical boric acid in comparison with oral itraconazole in the treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184(4):598–602
  • . Sobel JD, Wiesenfeld HC, Martens M, . Maintenance fluconazole therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(9):876–883
  • . Donders G, Bellen G, Byttebier G, . Individualized decreasing-dose maintenance fluconazole regimen for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (ReCiDiF trial). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199(6):613.e1–e9
  • . Edwards S, Handfield-Jones S; Clinical Effectiveness Group; British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. 2008 UK national guideline on the management of balanoposthitis. www.bashh.org/documents/2062. Accessed February 4, 2013
  • . English JC 3rd, Laws RA, Keough GC, Wilde JL, Foley JP, Elston DM. Dermatoses of the glans penis and prepuce. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37(1):1–24; quiz 25–26
  • . Abdullah AN, Drake SM, Wade AA, Walzman M. Balanitis (balanoposthitis) in patients attending a department of genitourinary medicine. Int J STD AIDS. 1992;3(2):128–129
  • . Dockerty WG, Sonnex C. Candidal balano-posthitis: a study of diagnostic methods. Genitourin Med. 1995;71(6):407–409
  • . David LM, Walzman M, Rajamanoharan S. Genital colonisation and infection with Candida in heterosexual and homosexual males. Genitourin Med. 1997;73(5):394–396
  • . Iskit S, Ilkit M, Turç-Biçer A, Demirhindi H, Türker M. Effect of circumcision on genital colonization of Malassezia spp. in a pediatric population. Med Mycol. 2006;44(2):113–117
  • . Rodin P, Kolator B. Carriage of yeasts on the penis. Br Med J. 1976;1(6018):1123–1124
  • . Waugh MA, Evans ESV, Nayyar KC, Fong R. Clotrimazole (Canesten) in the treatment of candidal balanitis in men. With incidental observations on diabetic candidal balanoposthitis. Br J Venereal Dis. 1978;54(2):184–186
  • . Fakjian N, Hunter S, Cole GW, Miller J. An argument for circumcision. Prevention of balanitis in the adult. Arch Dermatol. 1990;126(8):1046–1047
  • . Grandy S, Fox KM; SHIELD Study Group. Self-reported prevalence of vaginitis and balanitis among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Presented at: 70th Annual Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association; June 25–29, 2010; Orlando, FL. Abstract 2369-PO
  • . Drivsholm T, de Fine Olivarius N, Nielsen AB, Siersma V. Symptoms, signs and complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients, and their relationship to glycaemia, blood pressure and weight. Diabetologia. 2005;48(2):210–214
  • . Lisboa C, Ferreira A, Resende C, Rodrigues AG. Infectious balanoposthitis: management, clinical and laboratory features. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48(2):121–124
  • . Chen X, Lin W, Lu S, . Insulin prevents latent skin lesions by inhibiting the generation of advanced glycation end products in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Endocr Pathol. 2009;20(3):163–169
  • . Lisboa C, Santos A, Azevedo F, Pina-Vaz C, Rodrigues AG. Direct impression on agar surface as a diagnostic sampling procedure for Candida balanitis. Sex Transm Infect. 2010;86(1):32–35
  • . Stary A, Soeltz-Szoets J, Ziegler C, Kinghorn GR, Roy RB. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of oral fluconazole and topical clotrimazole in patients with Candida balanitis. Genitourin Med. 1996;72(2):98–102
  • . Oriel JD, Partridge BM, Denny MJ, Coleman JC. Genital yeast infections. Br Med J. 1972;4(5843):761–764
  • . Osipov VO, Acker SM, Langenstroer P, Datta MW. Balanoposthitis. http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic615.htm. Accessed February 5, 2013
  • . Murdock MI, Selikowitz SM. Diabetes-related need for circumcision. Urology. 1974;4(1):60–62

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.