Herpes Zoster: Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Preventive Approaches

References

• . Kramer T, Enquist LW. Directional spread of alphaherpesviruses in the nervous system. Viruses. 2013;5(2):678–707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Smith G. Herpesvirus transport to the nervous system and back again. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2012;66:153–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Arvin AM. Humoral and cellular immunity to varicella-zoster virus: an overview. J Infect Dis. 2008;197( suppl 2):S58–S60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Yawn BP, Saddier P, Wollan PC, St Sauver JL, Kurland MJ, Sy LS. A population-based study of the incidence and complication rates of herpes zoster before zoster vaccine introduction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82(11):1341–1349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Donahue JG, Choo PW, Manson JE, Platt R. The incidence of herpes zoster. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(15):1605–1609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Borkar DS, Tham VM, Esterberg E, . Incidence of herpes zoster ophthalmicus: results from the Pacific Ocular Inflammation Study. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(3):451–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wu MY, Hsu YH, Su CL, Lin YF, Lin HW. Risk of herpes zoster in CKD: a matched-cohort study based on administrative data. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60(4):548–552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Winthrop KL, Baddley JW, Chen L, . Association between the initiation of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and the risk of herpes zoster. JAMA. 2013;309(9):887–895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chakravarty EF, Michaud K, Katz R, Wolfe F. Increased incidence of herpes zoster among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2013;22(3):238–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Long MD, Martin C, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Increased risk of herpes zoster among 108 604 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37(4):420–429
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Veetil BM, Myasoedova E, Matteson EL, Gabriel SE, Green AB, Crowson CS. Incidence and time trends of herpes zoster in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65(6):854–861
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Joesoef RM, Harpaz R, Leung J, Bialek SR. Chronic medical conditions as risk factors for herpes zoster. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87 (10):961–967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Irwin MR, Levin MJ, Laudenslager ML, . Varicella zoster virus-specific immune responses to a herpes zoster vaccine in elderly recipients with major depression and the impact of antidepressant medications. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(8):1085–1093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Habel LA, Ray GT, Silverberg MJ, . The epidemiology of herpes zoster in patients with newly diagnosed cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(1):82–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chen JY, Chang CY, Lin YS, Hu ML. Nutritional factors in herpes zoster, postherpetic neuralgia, and zoster vaccination. Popul Health Manag. 2012;15(6):391–397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Angarone M. Epidemiology and prevention of viral infections in patients with hematologic malignancies. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2011;11(1):27–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Moanna A, Rimland D. Decreasing incidence of herpes zoster in the HAART era. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(1):122–125
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Blank LJ, Polydefkis MJ, Moore RD, Gebo KA. Herpes zoster among persons living with HIV in the current antiretroviral therapy era. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;61:203–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Haddow LJ, Moosa MY, Mosam A, Moodley P, Parboosing R, Easterbrook PJ. Incidence, clinical spectrum, risk factors and impact of HIV-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in South Africa. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e40623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zhang JX, Joesoef RM, Bialek S, Wang C, Harpaz R. Association of physical trauma with risk of herpes zoster among Medicare beneficiaries in United States. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(6):1007–1011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Whitley R. A 70-year-old woman with shingles. Review of herpes zoster. JAMA. 2009;302(1):73–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wilson JF. Herpes zoster. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(5):ITC31–ITC15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Mueller NH, Gilden DH, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R. Nagel MA. Varicella zoster virus infection: clinical features, molecular pathogenesis of disease, and latency. Neurol Clin. 2008;26(3):675–697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Steiner I, Kennedy P, Pachner A. The neurotropic herpes viruses: herpes simplex and varicella-zoster. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(11):1015–1028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Steiner I, Budka H, Chaudhuri A, . Viral meningoencephalitis: a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(8):999–1009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hung C, Chang K, Kuo H, . Features of varicella zoster virus myelitis and dependence on immune status. J Neurol Sci. 2012;318(1–2):19–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sanjay S, Huang P, Lavanya R. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2011;13(1):79–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Murakami S, Hato N, Horiuchi J, Honda N, Gyo K, Yanagihara N. Treatment of Ramsay Hunt syndrome with acyclovir-prednisone: Significance of early diagnosis and treatment. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:353–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wong RW, Jumper JM, McDonald HR, . Emerging concepts in the management of acute retinal necrosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97(5):545–552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gilden DH, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, LaGuardia JJ, Mahalingam R, Cohrs RJ. Neurologic complications of the reactivation of varicella-zoster virus. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(9):635–645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bouhassira D, Chassany O, Gaillat J, . Patient perspective on herpes zoster and its complications: an observational prospective study in patients aged over 50 years in general practice. Pain. 2012;153(2):342–349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gauthier A, Breuer J, Carrington D, Martin M, Rémy V. Epidemiology and cost of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia in the United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect Epidemiol Infect. 2009;137(1):38–47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Drolet M, Brisson M, Schmader K, . Predictors of postherpetic neuralgia among patients with herpes zoster: a prospective study. J Pain. 2010;11(11):1211–1221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lukas K, Edte A, Bertrand I. The impact of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia on quality of life: patient-reported outcomes in six European countries. Z Gesundh Wiss. 2012;20(4):441–451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Mols JF, Ledent E, Heineman T. Sampling of herpes zoster skin lesion types and the impact on viral DNA detection. J Virol Methods. 2013;188(1–2):145–147
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Dahl H, Marcoccia J, Linde A. Antigen detection: the method of choice in comparison with virus isolation and serology for laboratory diagnosis of herpes zoster in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35(2):347–349
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Liu YC, Yang YH, Hsiao HH, . Herpes zoster is associated with an increased risk of subsequent lymphoid malignancies—A nationwide population-based matched-control study in Taiwan. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:503
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wang YP, Liu CJ, Hu YW, Chen TJ, Lin YT, Fung CP. Risk of cancer among patients with herpes zoster infection: a population-based study. CMAJ. 2012;184(15):E804–E809
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . McDonald EM, de Kock J, Ram FS. Antivirals for management of herpes zoster including ophthalmicus: a systematic review of high-quality randomized controlled trials. Antivir Ther. 2012;17(2):255–264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Cobo M, Foulks GN, Liesegang T, . Observations on the natural history of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Curr Eye Res. 1987;6(1):195–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Herbort CP, Buechi ER, Piguet B, Zografos L, Fitting P. High-dose oral acyclovir in acute herpes zoster ophthalmicus: the end of the corticosteroid era. Curr Eye Res. 1991;10( suppl):171–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Colin J, Prisant O, Cochener B, Lescale O, Rolland B, Hoang-Xuan T. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of valaciclovir and acyclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(8):1507–1511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tyring S, Engst R, Corriveau C, . Famciclovir for ophthalmic zoster: a randomised aciclovir controlled study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85(5):576–581
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bruxelle J, Pinchinat S. Effectiveness of antiviral treatment on acute phase of herpes zoster and development of post herpetic neuralgia: review of international publications. Med Mal Infect. 2012;42(2):53–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir in the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. JAMA. 2010;304(8):859–866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bowsher D. The effects of pre-emptive treatment of postherpetic neuralgia with amitriptyline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997;13(6):327–331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ji G, Niu J, Shi Y, Hou L, Lu Y, Xiong L. The effectiveness of repetitive paravertebral injections with local anesthetics and steroids for the prevention of postherpetic neuralgia in patients with acute herpes zoster. Anesth Analg. 2009;109(5):1651–1655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Makharita MY, Aim YM, El-Bayoumy Y. Effect of early stellate ganglion blockade for facial pain from acute herpes zoster and incidence of postherpetic neuralgia. Pain Physician. 2012;15(6):467–474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Whitley RJ, Weiss H, Gnann JW Jr, et al; for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. Acyclovir with and without prednisone for the treatment of herpes zoster. Arandomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125(5):376–383
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wood MJ, Johnson RW, McKendrick MW, Taylor J, Mandai BK, Crooks J. A randomized trial of acyclovir for 7 days or 21 days with and without prednisolone for treatment of acute herpes zoster. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(13):896–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Han Y, Zhang J, Chen N, He L, Zhou M, Zhu C. Corticosteroids for preventing postherpetic neuralgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013, Issue 3. Art no: CD005582
   Google Scholar
• . Berry JD, Petersen KL. A single dose of gabapentin reduces acute pain and allodynia in patients with herpes zoster. Neurology. 2005;65(3):444–447
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . van Wijck AJ, Opstelten W, Moons KG, . The PINE study of epidural steroids and local anaesthetics to prevent postherpetic neuralgia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367(9506):219–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dworkin RH, Barbano RL, Tyring SK, . Arandomized, placebo-controlled trial of oxycodone and of gabapentin for acute pain in herpes zoster. Pain. 2009;142(3):209–217
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lin PL, Fan SZ, Huang CH, . Analgesic effect of lidocaine patch 5% in the treatment of acute herpes zoster: a double-blind and vehicle-controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33(4):320–325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ursini T, Tontodonati M, Manzoli L, ; VZV Pain Study Group. Acupuncture for the treatment of severe acute pain in herpes zoster: results of a nested, open-label, randomized trial in the VZV Pain Study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011 Jun 5;11:46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kanodia SK, Seth AK, Dixit AM. Dose related efficacy of gabapentin in acute herpetic neuralgia among geriatric patients. Indian J Dermatol. 2012;57(5):362–365
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Dubinsky RM, Kabbani H, El-Chami Z, Boutwell C, Ali H; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: an evidence-based report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2004;63(6):959–965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rauck RL, Irving GA, Wallace MS, Vanhove GF, Sweeney M. Once-daily gastroretentive gabapentin for postherpetic neuralgia: integrated efficacy, time to onset of pain relief and safety analyses of data from two phase 3 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012 Nov 10, pii: S0885–3924(12)00397–1
   Google Scholar
• . Sabatowski R, Hans G, Tacken I, Kapanadze S, Buchheister B, Baron R. Safety and efficacy outcomes of long-term treatment up to 4 years with 5% lidocaine medicated plaster in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(8):1337–1346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Watson CP, Babul N. Efficacy of oxycodone in neuropathic pain: arandomized trial in postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology. 1998;50(6):1837–1841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Furlan AD, Sandoval JA, Mailis-Gagnon A, Tunks E. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a meta-analysis of effectiveness and side effects. CMAJ. 2006;174(11):1589–1594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ. Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12; 12. Article no. CD008242
   Google Scholar
• . Derry S, Sven-Rice A, Cole P, Tan T, Moore RA. Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28; 2. Article no. CD007393
   Google Scholar
• . Watson CP, Vernich L, Chipman M, Reed K. Nortriptyline versus amitriptyline in postherpetic neuralgia: arandomized trial. Neurology. 1998;51(4):1166–1171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Edelsberg JS, Lord C, Oster G. Systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, safety, and tolerability data from randomized controlled trials of drugs used to treat postherpetic neuralgia. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(12):1483–1490
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rice AS, Maton S; Postherpetic Neuralgia Study Group. Gabapentin in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study. Pain. 2001;94(2):215–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dworkin RH, Corbin AE, Young JP Jr, . Pregabalin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2003;60(8):1274–1283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Carbamazepine for acute and chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19; 1. Article no. CD005451
   Google Scholar
• . Kotani N, Kushikata T, Hashimoto H, . Intrathecal methylprednisolone for intractable postherpetic neuralgia. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(21):1514–1519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rijsdijk M, van Wijck AJ, Meulenhoff PC, Kavelaars A, van der Tweel I, Kalkman CJ. No beneficial effect of intrathecal methylprednisolone acetate in postherpetic neuralgia patients. Eur J Pain. 2013;17(5):714–723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hui F, Boyle E, Vayda E, Glazier RH. Arandomized controlled trial of a multifaceted integrated complementary-alternative therapy for chronic herpes zoster-related pain. Altern Med Rev. 2012;17(1):57–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kumar V, Krone K, Mathieu A. Neuraxial and sympathetic blocks in herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: an appraisal of current evidence. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29(5):454–461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Harke H, Gretenkort P, Ladleif HU, Koester P, Rahman S. Spinal cord stimulation in postherpetic neuralgia and in acute herpes zoster pain. Anesth Anal. 2002;94(3):694–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Apalla Z, Sotiriou E, Lallas A, Lazaridou E, Ioannides D. Botulinum toxin a in postherpetic neuralgia: a parallel, randomized, double-blind, single-dose, placebo-controlled trial. Clin J Pain. 2013 Jan 30. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• . Ke M, Yinghui F, Yi J, Xeuhua H, Xiaoming L, Zhijun C, Chao H, Yingwei W. Efficacy of pulsed radiofrequency in the treatment of thoracic postherpetic neuralgia from the angulus costae: arandomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. Pain Physician. 2013;16(1):15–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Shannon HJ, Anderson J, Damle JS. Evidence for interventional procedures as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of shingles pain. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2012;25(6):276–284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Garner JS; the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1996;17(1):53–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Zaia J, Baden L, Boeckh MJ, ; Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research; National Marrow Donor Program; European Blood and Marrow Transplant Group; American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation; Canadian Blood and Marrow Transplant Group; Infectious Disease Society of America; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Canada; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral disease prevention after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009;44(8):471–482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, ; Shingles Prevention Study Group. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(22):2271–2284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Oxman MN, Levin MJ; Shingles Prevention Study Group. Vaccination against herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. J Infect Dis. 2008;197( suppl 2):S228–S236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schmader KE, Johnson GR, Saddier P, ; Shingles Prevention Study Group. Effect of a zoster vaccine on herpes zoster-related interference with functional status and health-related quality-of-life measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(9):1634–1641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schmader KE, Levin MJ, Gnann JW Jr, . Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of herpes zoster vaccine in persons aged 50–59 years. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(7):922–928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tseng HF, Smith N, Harpaz R, Bialek SR, Sy LS, Jacobsen SJ. Herpes zoster vaccine in older adults and the risk of subsequent herpes zoster disease. JAMA. 2011;305:160–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Recommended adult immunization schedule: United States, 2013 (2). Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(3):191–929
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Schmader KE, Oxman MN, Levin MJ, . Persistence of the efficacy of zoster vaccine in the shingles prevention study and the short-term persistence substudy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(10):1320–1328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Vesikari T, Hardt R, Rümke HC, . Immunogenicity and safety of a live attenuated shingles (herpes zoster) vaccine (Zostavax®) in individuals aged ≥ 70 years: a randomized study of a single dose versus two different two-dose schedules. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013 Jan 14; 9(4). [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• . Vermeulen JN, Lange JM, Tyring SK, . Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity after 1 and 2 doses of zoster vaccine in healthy adults ≥ 60 years of age. Vaccine. 2012;30(5):904–910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Seward JF; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of herpes zoster: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008;57(RR-5):1–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Naidus E, Damon L, Schwartz BS, Breed C, Liu C. Experience with use of Zostavax® in patients with hematologic malignancy and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(1):123–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zhang J, Xie F, Delzell E, . Association between vaccination for herpes zoster and risk of herpes zoster infection among older patients with selected immune-mediated diseases. JAMA. 2012;308(1):43–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H, . Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a global perspective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009;15(8):1138–1143
   Google Scholar
• . Kerzner B, Murray AV, Cheng E, . Safety and immunogenicity profile of the concomitant administration of ZOSTAVAX and inactivated influenza vaccine in adults aged 50 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(10):1499–1507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Maclntyre CR, Egerton T, McCaughey M, . Concomitant administration of zoster and pneumococcal vaccines in adults a 60 years old. Hum Vaccin. 2010;6(11):894–902
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lu PJ, Euler GL, Harpaz R. Herpes zoster vaccination among adults aged 60 years and older, in the U.S., 2008. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40 (2):e1–e6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Szucs TD, Pfeil AM. A systematic review of the cost effectiveness of herpes zoster vaccination. Pharmacoeconomics. 2013;31(2):125–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Onozawa M, Hashino S, Haseyama Y, ; Hokkaido Hematology Study Group. Incidence and risk of postherpetic neuralgia after varicella zoster virus infection in hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009;15(6):724–729
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Zuckerman RA, Limaye AP. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in solid organ transplant patients. Am J Transplant. 2013;13( suppl 3):55–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kim DH, Kumar D, Messner HA, . Clinical efficacy of prophylactic strategy of long-term low-dose acyclovir for varicella-zoster virus infection after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2008;22(6):770–779
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Asano-Mori Y, Kanda Y, Oshima K, . Long-term ultra-low-dose acyclovir against varicella-zoster virus reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am J Hematol. 2008;83(6):472–476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Klein A, Miller KB, Sprague K, DesJardin JA, Snydman DR. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of valacyclovir prophylaxis to prevent zoster recurrence from months 4 to 24 after BMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46(2):294–299
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . San Miguel JF, Schlag R, Khuageva NK, ; VISTA Trial Investigators. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(4):906–917
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Vickrey E, Allen S, Mehta J, Singhal S. Acyclovir to prevent reactivation of varicella zoster virus (herpes zoster) in multiple myeloma patients receiving bortezomib therapy. Cancer. 2009;115(1):229–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dasanu CA, Alexandrescu DT. Prophylactic antivirals may be helpful in prevention of varicella-zoster virus reactivation in myeloma, but are they safe? J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2010;16(4):266–268
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Pergam SA, Limaye AP. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9( suppl 4):S108–S115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Marin M, Güris D, Chaves SS, Schmid S, Seward JF; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007;56(RR-4):1–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). FDA approval of an extended period for administering VariZIG for postexposure prophylaxis of varicella. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(12):212
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Macartney K, McIntyre P. Vaccines for post-exposure prophylaxis against varicella (chickenpox) in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;3. Article no. CD001833
   Google Scholar