Prostate Cancer and the Increasing Role of Active Surveillance

References

• . Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(1):10–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Brawley OW. Prostate cancer epidemiology in the United States. World J Urol. 2012;30(2):195–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Thompson I, Thrasher JB, Aus G, ; AUA Prostate Cancer Clinical Guideline Update Panel. Guideline for the management of clinically localized prostate cancer: 2007 update. J Urol. 2007;177(6):2106–2131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nadler RB, Loeb S, Roehl KA, Antenor JA, Eggener S, Catalona WJ. Use of 2.6 ng/ml prostate specific antigen prompt for biopsy in men older than 60 years. J Urol. 2005;174(6):2154–2157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wieder JA. Pocket Guide to Urology. 4th ed. Caldwell, Idaho: Griffith Publishing; 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Soloway MS, Obek C. Periprostatic local anesthesia before ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. J Urol. 2000;163(1):172–173
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Davis M, Sofer M, Kim SS, Soloway MS. The procedure of transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate: a survey of patient preparation and biopsy technique. J Urol. 2002;167(2 Pt 1):566–570
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Uses and abuses of screening tests [published correction appears in Lancet. 2008;371(9629):1998]. Lancet. 2002;359(9309):881–884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Goldenberg LS, Thompson IM, Glegg C. Intelligent Patient Guide to Prostate Cancer: All You Need to Know to Take an Active Part in Your Treatment. Vancouver, British Columbia: Gordon Soules Book Pub; 2001
   Google Scholar
• . Welch HG, Albertsen PC. Prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment after the introduction of prostate-specific antigen screening: 1986–2005. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(19):1325–1329
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Cooperberg MR, Broering JM, Carroll PR. Time trends and local variation in primary treatment of localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(7):1117–1123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mover VA; U.S. Preventative Services Task Force. Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(7)120–134
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Fillon M. Urology meeting highlights prostate, bladder cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(18):1348–1349
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hugosson J, Carlsson S, Aus G, . Mortality results from the Göteborg randomised population-based prostate-cancer screening trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(8):725–732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Etzioni R, Tsodikov A, Mariotto A, . Quantifying the role of PSA screening in the US prostate cancer mortality decline. Cancer Causes Control. 2008;19(2):175–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Konety BR, Bird VY, Deorah S, Dahmoush L. Comparison of the incidence of latent prostate cancer detected at autopsy before and after the prostate specific antigen era. J Urol. 2005;174(5):1785–1788, discussion 1788
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Abbas F, Hochberg D, Civantos F, Soloway M. Incidental prostatic adenocarcinoma in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 1996;30(3):322–326
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Shappley WV 3rd, Kenfield SA, Kasperzyk JL, . Prospective study of determinants and outcomes of deferred treatment or watchful waiting among men with prostate cancer in a nationwide cohort. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(30):4980–4985
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Draisma G, Etzioni R, Tsodikov A, . Lead time and overdiagnosis in prostate-specific antigen screening: importance of methods and context. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(6):374–383
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Klotz L. Cancer overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Curr Opin Urol. 2012;22(3):203–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL 3rd, . Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2009;360(17):1797]. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1310–1319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gomella LG, Liu XS, Trabulsi EJ, . Screening for prostate cancer: the current evidence and guidelines controversy. Can J Urol. 2011;18(5):5875–5883
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL 3rd, ; PLCO Project Team. Prostate cancer screening in the randomized Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial: mortality results after 13 years of follow-up. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(2):125–132
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, . Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1320–1328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Shoskes DA, Morey AF. The American Urological Association Educational Review Manual in Urology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Castle Connolly Graduate Medical Publishing, Ltd.; 2011
   Google Scholar
• . Bostwick DG, Brawer MK. Prostatic intra—epithelial neoplasia and early invasion in prostate cancer. Cancer. 1987;59(4):788–794
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . D'Amico AV, Whittingon R, Malkowicz SB, . Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998;280(11):969–974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hernandez DJ, Nielson ME, Han M, Partin AW. Contemporary evaluation of the D'amico risk classification of prostate cancer. Urology. 2007;70(5):931–935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mohler JL, Armstrong AJ, Bahnson RR, . NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for Prostate Cancer, Version 3.2013. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf. Accessed July 21, 2013
   Google Scholar
• . Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Carmichael M, Brendler CB. Pathologic and clinical findings to predict tumor extent of nonpalpable (Stage T1 c) prostate cancer. JAMA. 1994;271(5):368–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Epstein JI, Chan DW, Sokoll LJ, . Nonpalpable stage Tic prostate cancer: prediction of insignificant disease using free/total prostate specific antigen levels and needle biopsy findings. J Urol. 1998;160(6):2407–2411
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ohori M, Wheeler TM, Dunn JK, Stamey TA, Scardino PT. The pathological features and prognosis of prostate cancer detectable with current diagnostic tests. J Urol. 1994;152(5 Pt 2):1714–1720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ploussard G, Epstein JI, Montironi R, . The contemporary concept of significant versus insignificant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2011;60(2):291–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lee MC, Dong F, Stephenson AJ, Jones JS, Magi-Galluzi C, Klein EA. The Epstein criteria predict for organ-confined but not insignificant disease and a high likelihood of cure at radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2010;58(1):90–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Jeldres C, Suardi N, Walz J, . Validation of the contemporary Epstein criteria for insignificant prostate cancer in European men. Euro Urol. 2008;54(6):1306–1313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Blasko JC, Mate T, Sylvester JE, Grimm PD, Cavanagh W. Brachy-therapy for carcinoma of the prostate: techniques, patient selection, and clinical outcomes. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2002;12(1):81–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Blasko JC, Wallner K, Grimm PH, Radge. Prostate specific antigen based disease control following ultrasound guided 125iodine implantation for stage T1/T2 prostatic carcinoma. J Urol. 1995;154(3):1096–1099
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sanda MG, Dunn RL, Michalski J, . Quality of life and satisfaction with outcome among prostate-cancer survivors. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(12):1250–1261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Miller DC, Sanda MG, Dunn RL, . Long-term outcomes among localized prostate cancer survivors: health-related quality-of-life changes after radical prostatectomy, external radiation, and brachytherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(12):2772–2780
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Potosky AL, Davis WW, Hoffman RM, . Five-year outcomes after prostatectomy or radiotherapy for prostate cancer: the prostate cancer outcomes study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(18):1358–1367
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bostrom PJ, Soloway MS, Manoharan M, Ayyathurai R, Samavedi S. Bladder cancer after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: detailed analysis of pathological features and outcome after radical cystectomy. J Urol. 2008;179(1):91–95, discussion 95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Niraula S, Le LW, Tannock IF. Treatment of prostate cancer with intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation: a systematic review of randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(16):2029–2036
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Nieder AM, Soloway MS. It's not a radical prostatectomy, it's a total prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2008;54(4):715–716
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . McGregor M, Hanely JA, Boivin JF, McLean RG. Screening for prostate cancer: estimating the magnitude of overdetection. CMAJ. 1998;159(11):1368–1372
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Eggener SE, Mueller A, Berglund RK, . A multi-institutional evaluation of active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer. J Urol. 2009;181(4):1635–1641
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Iremashvili V, Pelaez L, Manoharan M, Jorda M, Rosenberg DL, Soloway MS. Pathologic prostate cancer characteristics in patients eligible for active surveillance: a head-to-head comparison of contemporary protocols. Eur Urol. 2012;62(3):462–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dall'Era MA, Albertsen PC, Bangma C, . Active surveillance for prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol. 2012;62(6):976–983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Adamy A, Yee DS, Matsushita K, . Role of prostate specific antigen and immediate confirmatory biopsy in predicting progression during active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer. J Urol. 2011;185(2):477–482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ouzzane A, Puech P, Villers A. MRI and surveillance. Curr Opin Urol. 2012;22(3):231–236
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Latini DM, Hart SL, Knight SJ, . The relationship between anxiety and time to treatment for patients with prostate cancer on surveillance. J Urol. 2007;178(3 Pt 1):826–831, discussion 831–832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Warlick C, Trock BJ, Landis P, Epstein JI, Carter HB. Delayed versus immediate surgical intervention and prostate cancer outcome. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(5):355–357
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bui M, Zhu X, Valdagni R, . Active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer worldwide: the PRIAS study. Eur Urol. 2013;63(4):597–603
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Tosoian JJ, Trock BJ, Landis P, . Active surveillance program for prostate cancer: an update of the Johns Hopkins experience. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(16):2185–2190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Carter HB, Walsh PC, Landis P, Epstein JI. Expectant management of nonpalpable prostate cancer with curative intent: preliminary results. J Urol. 2002;167(3):1231–1234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Soloway MS, Soloway CT, Eldefrawy A Acosta K, Kava B, Manoharan M. Careful selection and close monitoring of low-risk prostate cancer patients on active surveillance minimizes the need for treatment. Eur Urol. 2010;58(6):831–835
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Soloway MS, Soloway CT, Williams S, Ayyathurai R, Kava B, Manoharan M. Active surveillance; a reasonable management alternative for patients with prostate cancer: the Miami experience. BJU Int. 2008;101(2):165–169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Iremashvilli V, Manoharan M, Rosenberg DL, Soloway MS. Biopsy features associated with prostate cancer progression in active surveillance patients: comparison of three statistical models. BJU Int. 2013;111(4):574–579
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . van As NJ, Norman AR, Thomas K, . Predicting the probability of deferred radical treatment for localized prostate cancer managed by active surveillance. Eur Urol. 2008;54(6):1297–1305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Klotz L, Zhang L, Lam A, Nam R, Mamedov A, Loblaw A. Clinical results of long-term follow-up of a large, active surveillance cohort with localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(1):126–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Klotz L. Active surveillance for prostate cancer: a review. Curr Urol Rep. 2010;11(3):165–171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Ruutu M, ; Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study No. 4. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(19):1977–1984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Brawer MK, Cuzick JM, Cooperberg MR, . Prolaris: a novel genetic test for prostate cancer prognosis [abstract]. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31( Suppl):Abstract 5005
   Google Scholar
• . Litwin MS, Hays RD, Fink A, . Quality-of-life outcomes in men treated for localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1995;273(2):129–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lubeck DP, Litwin MS, Henning JM, Stoddard ML, Flanders SC, Carroll PR. Changes in health-related quality of life in the first year after treatment for prostate cancer: results from CaPSURE. Urology. 1999;53(1):180–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Steineck G, Hegelsen F, Adolfsson J, ; Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group Study Number 4. Quality of life after radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(11):790–796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Daubenmier JJ, Weidner G, Marlin R, . Lifestyle and health-related quality of life of men with prostate cancer managed with active surveillance. Urology. 2006;67(1):125–130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Keegan KA, Dall'Era MA, Durbin-Johnson B, Evans CP. Active surveillance for prostate cancer compared with immediate treatment: an economic analysis. Cancer. 2012;118(14):3512–3518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Miller DC, Gruber SB, Hollenbeck BK, . Incidence of initial local therapy among men with lower-risk prostate cancer in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(16):1134–1141
   PubMedGoogle Scholar