168
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Focus: Cardiovascular Events, Urology for the Primary Care Doctor

Statins in Chronic Kidney Disease: Cardiovascular Risk and Kidney Function

, MD

References

  • . K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 39(2 Suppl 1):S1–S266
  • . Collins AJ, Foley RN, Chavers B, . United States Renal Data System 2011 Annual Data Report: Atlas of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59(1 Suppl 1): A7, e1–e420
  • . Cowie CC, Rust KF, Ford ES, . Full accounting of diabetes and prediabetes in the U.S. population in 1988–1994 and 2005–2006. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(2):287–294
  • . Hyre AD, Fox CS, Astor BC, Cohen AJ, Muntner P. The impact of reclassifying moderate CKD as a coronary heart disease risk equivalent on the number of US adults recommended lipid-lowering treatment. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(1):37–45
  • . Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(13):1296–1305
  • . Keith DS, Nichols GA, Gullion CM, Brown JB, Smith DH. Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(6):659–663
  • . Tonelli M, Isles C, Curhan GC, . Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in people with chronic kidney disease. Circulation. 2004;110(12):1557–1563
  • . Shepherd J, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, ; TNT (Treating to New Targets) Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease: the TNT (Treating to New Targets) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(15):1448–1454
  • . Koren MJ, Davidson MH, Wilson DJ, Fayyad RS, Zuckerman A, Reed DP; ALLIANCE Investigators. Focused atorvastatin therapy in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease and CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53(5):741–750
  • . McCullough PA, Li S, Jurkovitz CT, ; Kidney Early Evaluation Program Investigators. CKD and cardiovascular disease in screened high-risk volunteer and general populations: the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51(4 Suppl 2):S38–S45
  • . Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, . The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidaemia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Greek atorvastatin and coronary heart disease evaluation (GREACE) study. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57(7):728–734
  • . Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, ; CARDS Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on kidney outcomes and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: an analysis from the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54(5):810–819
  • . Shepherd J, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, . Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(6):1131–1139
  • . Rahman M, Baimbridge C, Davis BR, ; ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Progression of kidney disease in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin versus usual care: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52(3):412–424
  • . Tonelli M, Moye L, Sacks FM, Cole T, Curhan GC; Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effect of pravastatin on loss of renal function in people with moderate chronic renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(6):1605–1613
  • . Ridker PM, MacFadyen J, Cressman M, Glynn RJ. Efficacy of rosuvastatin among men and women with moderate chronic kidney disease and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: a secondary analysis from the JUPITER (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention-an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(12):1266–1273
  • . Huskey J, Lindenfeld J, Cook T, . Effect of simvastatin on kidney function loss in patients with coronary heart disease: findings from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Atherosclerosis. 2009;205(1):202–206
  • . Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9374):2005–2016
  • . Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Caiazza A, Campese VM. A controlled, prospective study of the effects of atorvastatin on proteinuria and progression of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(3):565–570
  • . Inoue T, Ikeda H, Nakamura T, . Potential benefit of statin therapy for dyslipidemia with chronic kidney disease: Fluvastatin Renal Evaluation Trial (FRET). Intern Med. 2011;50(12):1273–1278
  • . Fassett RG, Robertson IK, Ball MJ, Geraghty DP, Coombes JS. Effect of atorvastatin on kidney function in chronic kidney disease: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Atherosclerosis. 2010;213(1):218–224
  • . Sandhu S, Wiebe N, Fried LF, Tonelli M. Statins for improving renal outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(7):2006–2016
  • . AstraZeneca. Prospective Evaluation of Proteinuria and Renal Function in Diabetic Patients With Progressive Renal Disease (PLANET 1). Study Results. Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00296374. Accessed November 25, 2013
  • . AstraZeneca. Prospective Evaluation of Proteinuria and Renal Function in Non-diabetic Patients With Progressive Renal Disease (PLANET II). Study Results. Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00296400. Accessed November 25, 2013
  • . Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, ; SHARP Investigators. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9784):2181–2192
  • . Strippoli GF, Navaneethan SD, Johnson DW, . Effects of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2008;336(7645):645–651
  • . Palmer SC, Craig JC, Navaneethan SD, Tonelli M, Pellegrini F, Strippoli GF. Benefits and harms of statin therapy for persons with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(4):263–275
  • . Upadhyay A, Earley A, Lamont JL, Haynes S, Wanner C, Balk EM. Lipid-lowering therapy in persons with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(4):251–262
  • . Nikolic D, Banach M, Nikfar S, ; Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration Group. A meta-analysis of the role of statins on renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Is the duration of therapy important? Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(6):5437–5447
  • . Oda E, Kawai R. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is cross-sectionally associated with preclinical chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Japanese men. Intern Med. 2010;49(8):713–719
  • . Schaeffner ES, Kurth T, Curhan GC, . Cholesterol and the risk of renal dysfunction in apparently healthy men. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(8):2084–2091
  • . Tershakovec AM, Keane WF, Zhang Z, . Effect of LDL cholesterol and treatment with losartan on end-stage renal disease in the RENAAL study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(3):445–447
  • . Tozawa M, Iseki K, Iseki C, Oshiro S, Ikemiya Y, Takishita S. Triglyceride, but not total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, predict development of proteinuria. Kidney Int. 2002;62(5):1743–1749
  • . Hou W, Lv J, Perkovic V, . Effect of statin therapy on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(24):1807–1817
  • . Barylski M, Nikfar S, Mikhailidis DP, ; Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration Group. Statins decrease all-cause mortality only in CKD patients not requiring dialysis therapy-a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 21,295 participants. Pharmacol Res. 2013;72:35–44
  • . Tonelli M, Keech A, Shepherd J, . Effect of pravastatin in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(12):3748–3754
  • . Vidt DG, Ridker PM, Monyak JT, Schreiber MJ, Cressman MD. Longitudinal assessment of estimated glomerular filtration rate in apparently healthy adults: a post hoc analysis from the JUPITER study (justification for the use of statins in prevention: an intervention trial evaluating rosuvastatin). Clin Ther. 2011;33(6):717–725
  • . Kendrick J, Shlipak MG, Targher G, Cook T, Lindenfeld J, Chonchol M. Effect of lovastatin on primary prevention of cardiovascular events in mild CKD and kidney function loss: a post hoc analysis of the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55(1):42–49
  • . Shepherd J, Barter P, Carmena R, . Effect of lowering LDL cholesterol substantially below currently recommended levels in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(6):1220–1226
  • . Shepherd J, Kastelein JP, Bittner VA, ; Treating to New Targets Steering Committee and Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with coronary artery disease, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(8):870–879
  • . Holme I, Fayyad R, Faergeman O, ; Incremental Decrease in End Points through Aggressive Lipid Lowering Study Group. Cardiovascular outcomes and their relationships to lipoprotein components in patients with and without chronic kidney disease: results from the IDEAL trial. J Intern Med. 2010;267(6):567–575
  • . McKenney JM, Davidson MH, Jacobson TA, Guyton JR, National Lipid Association Statin Safety Assessment Task Force. Final conclusions and recommendations of the National Lipid Association Statin Safety Assessment Task Force. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(8 A):89C–94C
  • . Tsimihodimos V, Dounousi E, Siamopoulos KC. Dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease: an approach to pathogenesis and treatment. Am J Nephrol. 2008;28(6):958–973
  • . Arici M, Walls J. End-stage renal disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular mortality: is C-reactive protein the missing link? Kidney Int. 2001;59(2):407–414
  • . Rovin BH, Tan LC. LDL stimulates mesangial fibronectin production and chemoattractant expression. Kidney Int. 1993;43(1):218–225
  • . Coritsidis G, Rifici V, Gupta S, . Preferential binding of oxidized LDL to rat glomeruli in vivo and cultured mesangial cells in vitro. Kidney Int. 1991;39(5):858–866
  • . Laufs U, La Fata V, Plutzky J, Liao JK. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation. 1998;97(12):1129–1135
  • . Kim SI, Kim HJ, Han DC, Lee HB. Effect of lovastatin on small GTP binding proteins and on TGF-betal and fibronectin expression. Kidney Int Suppl. 2000;77:S88–S92
  • . Vecchione C, Gentile MT, Aretini A, . A novel mechanism of action for statins against diabetes-induced oxidative stress. Diabetologia. 2007;50(4):874–880
  • . Mundel P. Urinary podocytes: lost and found alive. Kidney Int. 2003;64(4):1529–1530
  • . Nakamura T, Ushiyama C, Hirokawa K, . Effect of cerivastatin on proteinuria and urinary podocytes in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(5):798–802

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.