Update in Systemic Therapy of Urologic Malignancies

References

• . Kantoff PW, Halabi S, Conaway M, . Hydrocortisone with or without mitoxantrone in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: results of the cancer and leukemia group B 9182study. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(8):2506–2513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tannock IF, Osoba D, Stockler MR, . Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone plus prednisone or prednisone alone for symptomatic hormone-resistant prostate cancer: a Canadian randomized trial with palliative end points. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(6):1756–1764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, ; TAX 327 Investigators. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(15):1502–1512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, . Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(15):1513–1520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Berthold DR, Pond GR, Soban F, de Wit R, Eisenberger M, Tannock IF. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer: updated survival in the TAX 327 study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(2):242–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Garcia JA, Rini BI. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: many treatments, many options, many challenges ahead. Cancer. 2012;118(10): 2583–2593
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Taplin ME, Balk SP. Androgen receptor: a key molecule in the progression of prostate cancer to hormone independence. J Cell Biochem. 2004;91(3):483–490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Scher HI, Sawyers CL. Biology of progressive, castration-resistant prostate cancer: directed therapies targeting the androgen-receptor signaling axis. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(32):8253–8261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Montgomery RB, Mostaghel EA, Vessella R, . Maintenance of intratumoral androgens in metastatic prostate cancer: a mechanism for castration-resistant tumor growth. Cancer Res. 2008;68(11):4447–4454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Loriot Y, Massard C, Fizazi K. Recent developments in treatments targeting castration-resistant prostate cancer bone metastases. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(5):1085–1094
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Galsky MD, Dritselis A, Kirkpatrick P, Oh WK. Cabazitaxel. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9(9):677–678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . de Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, ; TROPIC Investigators. Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9747):1147–1154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Attard G, Reid AH, Olmos D, de Bono JS. Antitumor activity with CYP17 blockade indicates that castration-resistant prostate cancer frequently remains hormone driven. Cancer Res. 2009;69(12):4937–4940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, Molina A, ; COU-AA-301 Investigators. Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(21):1995–2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ryan CJ, Smith MR, de Bono JS, ; COU-AA-302 Investigators. Abiraterone in metastatic prostate cancer without previous chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(2):138–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tran C, Ouk S, Clegg NJ, . Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Science. 2009;324(5928):787–790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Scher HI, Fizazi K, Saad F, ; AFFIRM Investigators. Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(13):1187–1197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Medivation and Astellas announce the phase 3 PREVAIL trial of enzalutamide meets both co-primary endpoints of overall surival and radiographic progression-free survival in chemotherapy-naïve patients with advanced prostate cancer [news release]. San Francisco, CA and Tokyo, Japan: Medivation; October 22, 2013. https://investors.medivation.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=798880. Accessed October 30, 2013
   Google Scholar
• . Small EJ, Fratesi P, Reese DM, . Immunotherapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer with antigen-loaded dendritic cells. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(23):3894–3903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Higano CS, Schellhammer PF, Small EJ, . Integrated data from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials of active cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T in advanced prostate cancer. Cancer. 2009;115(16):3670–3679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Small EJ, Schellhammer PF, Higano CS, . Placebo-controlled phase III trial of immunologic therapy with sipuleucel-T (APC8015) in patients with metastatic, asymptomatic hormone refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(19):3089–3094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND, ; IMPACT Study Investigators. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(5):411–422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bellmunt J. Tackling the bone with alpha emitters in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Eur Urol. 2013;63(2):198–200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Nilsson S, Franzen L, Parker C, . Bone-targeted radium-223 in symptomatic, hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase II study. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8(7):587–594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, ; ALSYMPCA Investigators. Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(3):213–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Thompson RH, Allison JP, Kwon ED. Anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) immunotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2006;24(5):442–447
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Gerritsen WR, Kwon ED, Fizazi K, . CA184–043: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind phase 3 trial comparing overall survival (OS) in patients (pts) with post-docetaxel castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and bone metastases treated with ipilimumab (ipi) vs placebo (pbo), each following single-dose radiotherapy (RT). European Cancer Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 27–October 1, 2013; Abstract 2850
   Google Scholar
• . Kantoff PW, Schuetz TJ, Blumenstein BA, . Overall survival analysis of a phase II randomized controlled trial of a Poxviral-based PSA-targeted immunotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(7):1099–1105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Smith DC, Smith MR, Sweeney C, . Cabozantinib in patients with advanced prostate cancer: results of a phase II randomized discontinuation trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(4):412–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pili R, Haggman M, Stadler WM, . Phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tasquinimod in men with minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(30):4022–4028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Scher HI, Jia X, Chi K, . Randomized, open-label phase III trial of docetaxel plus high-dose calcitriol versus docetaxel plus prednisone for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(16):2191–2198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kelly WK, Halabi S, Carducci M, . Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial comparing docetaxel and prednisone with or without bevacizumab in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: CALGB 90401. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(13):1534–1540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chi KN, Hotte SJ, Yu EY, . Randomized phase II study of docetaxel and prednisone with or without OGX-011 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(27):4247–4254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kaku T, Hitaka T, Ojida A, . Discovery of orteronel (TAK-700), a napthylmethylimidazole derivative, as a highly selective 17,20-lyase inhibitor with potential utility in the treatment of prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem. 2011;19(21):6382–6399
   Google Scholar
• . Rathkopf DE, Morris MJ, Fox JJ, . Phase I study of ARN-509, a novel antiandrogen, in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(28):325–330
   Google Scholar
• . Takeda announces unblinding of phase 3 study of orteronel in patients with metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer that progressed post-chemotherapy based on interim analysis. [news release]. Osake, Japan and Cambridge, MA. Takeda. July 26, 2013. http://www.takeda.com/news/2013/20130726_5894.html. Accessed October 30, 2013
   Google Scholar
• . McDermott DF, Regan MM, Clark JI, . Randomized phase III trial of high-dose interleukin-2 versus subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(1):133–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Fisher RI, Rosenberg SA, Fyfe G. Long-term survival update for high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cancer J Sci Am. 2000;6( Suppl 1):S55–S57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Motzer RJ, Bacik J, Murphy BA, Russo P, Mazumdar M. Interferon-alfa as a comparative treatment for clinical trials of new therapies against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(1):289–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Flanigan RC, Mickisch G, Sylvester R, Tangen C, Van Poppel H, Crawford ED. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a combined analysis. J Urol. 2004;171(3):1071–1076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Motzer RJ, Bacik J, Mazumdar M. Prognostic factors for survival of patients with stage IV renal cell carcinoma: memorial sloan-kettering cancer center experience. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(18 Pt 2):6302S–6303S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bergers G, Hanahan D. Modes of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8(8):592–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Vaishampayan U. Cabozantinib as a novel therapy for renal cell carcinoma. Curr Oncol Rep. 2013;15(2):76–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Choueiri TK, Vaishampayan U, Rosenberg JE. Phase II and biomarker study of the dual MET/VEGFR2 inhibitor foretinib in patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(2):181–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, . Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):115–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sternberg CN, Davis ID, Mardiak J, . Pazopanib in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(6):1061–1068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rini BI, Halabi S, Rosenberg JE, . Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa compared with interferon alfa monotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: CALGB 90206. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(33):5422–5428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Escudier B, Bellmunt J, Negrier S, . Phase III trial of bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (AVOREN): final analysis of overall survival. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(13):2144–2150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Escudier BJ, Porta C, Bono P, . Patient preference between pazopanib and sunitinib: results of a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma—PISCES study [abstract CRA4502]. J Clin Oncol. 2012;( suppl)
   Google Scholar
• . Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Cella D, . Pazopanib versus sunitinib in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(8):722–731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rini BI, Escudier B, Tomczak P, . Comparative effectiveness of axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma (AXIS): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9807):1931–1939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Escudier B, Szczylik C, Hutson TE, . Randomized phase II trial of first-line treatment with sorafenib versus interferon Alfa-2a in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(8):1280–1289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Poprach A, Pavlik T, Melichar B, . Skin toxicity and efficacy of sunitinib and sorafenib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a national registry-based study. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(12):3137–3143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rini BI, Cohen DP, Lu DR, . Hypertension as a biomarker of efficacy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(9):763–773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P, ; Global ARCC Trial. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(22):2271–2281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Oudard S, ; RECORD-1 Study Group. Phase 3 trial of everolimus for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: final results and analysis of prognostic factors. Cancer. 2010;116(18):4256–4265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Oudard S, ; RECORD-1 Study Group. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9637):449–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hutson T, Escudier B, Esteban E, . Temsirolimus vs Sorafenib as Second Line Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results From the INTORSECT Trial. Proc European Society of Medical Oncology Congress, Vienna, Austria, September 28–October 2, 2012; Abstract 918
   Google Scholar
• . Motzer RJ, Barrios CH, Kim TM, . Record-3: Phase II randomized trial comparing sequential first-line everolimus (EVE) and second-line sunitinib (SUN) versus first-line SUN and second-line EVE in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC)[abstract 4504]. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31( suppl)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Motzer RJ, Nosov D, Eisen T, . Tivozanib versus sorafenib as initial targeted therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results from a phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(30):3791–3799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Chow LQ, . Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2455–2465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Motzer RJ, Bono P, Hudes GR, . A phase III comparative study of nivolumab (anti-PD-1; BMS-936558; ONO-4538) versus everolimus in patients (pts) with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCCC) previously treated with antiangiogenic therapy [abstract TPS4592]. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31( suppl)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Motzer RJ, Hudes G, Wilding G, . Phase I trial of sunitinib malate plus interferon-alpha for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2009;7(1):28–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Feldman DR, Baum MS, Ginsberg MS, . Phase I trial of bevacizumab plus escalated doses of sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(9):1432–1439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Patel PH, Senico PL, Curiel RE, Motzer RJ. Phase I study combining treatment with temsirolimus and sunitinib malate in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2009;7(1):24–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Molina AM, Feldman DR, Voss MH, . Phase 1 trial of everolimus plus sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2012;118(7):1868–1876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rini BI, Bellmunt J, Clancy J, Wang K, Niethammer AL, Escudier B. Randomized phase IIIb trial of temsirolimus and bevacizumab versus interferon and bevacizumab in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results from INTORACT. Proc European Society of Medical Oncology Congress, Vienna, Austria, September 28–October 2, 2012; Abstract 1487
   Google Scholar
• . Ravaud A, Barrios C, Alekseev BY, . Randomized phase II study of first-line everolimus plus bevacizumab (E+B) versus interferon α-2a plus bevacizumab (I+B) in patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): Record-2 final overall survival (OS) and safety results [abstract 4576]. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31( suppl)
   Google Scholar
• . Choueiri TK, Xie W, Kollmannsberger C, . The impact of cytoreductive nephrectomy on survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy. J Urol. 2011;185(1):60–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zhang X, Yuan J, Wang L, . Clinical efficacy of sunitinib as postoperative adjuvant therapy in patients with high-risk renal cell carcinoma [abstract e15547]. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31( suppl)
   Google Scholar
• . Saxman SB, Propert KJ, Einhorn LH, . Long-term follow-up of a phase III intergroup study of cisplatin alone or in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, and doxorubicin in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a cooperative group study. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15(7):2564–2569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sternberg CN, de Mulder P, Schornagel JH, ; EORTC Genit-Urinary Cancer Group. Seven year update of an EORTC phase III trial of high-dose intensity M-VAC chemotherapy and G-CSF versus classic M-VAC in advanced urothelial tract tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42(1):50–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . von der Maase H, Sengelov L, Roberts JT, . Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin, with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin in patients with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(21):4602–4608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bellmunt J, von der Maase H, Mead GM, . Randomized phase III study comparing paclitaxel/cisplatin/gemcitabine and gemcitabine/cisplatin in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer without prior systemic therapy; EORTC Intergroup Study 30987. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(10):1107–1113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Galsky MD, Hahn NM, Rosenberg J, . A consensus definition of patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(3):211–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Galsky MD, Hahn NM, Rosenberg J, . Treatment of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer “unfit” for cisplatin-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(17):2432–2438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . De Santis M, Bellmunt J, Mead G, . Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: EORTC Study 30986. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(2):191–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sonpavde G, Sternberg CN, Rosenberg JE, Hahn NM, Galsky MD, Vogelzang NJ. Second-line systemic therapy and emerging drugs for metastatic transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Lancet Oncol. 2011;11(9):861–870
   Google Scholar
• . Grossman HB, Natale RB, Tangen CM, . Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(9):859–866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . International Collaboration of Trialists; Medical Research Council Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party (now the National Cancer Research Institute Bladder Cancer Clinical Studies Group); European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Group; Australian Bladder Cancer Study Group; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group; Finnbladder; Norwegian Bladder Cancer Study Group; Club Urologico Espanol de Tratamiento Oncologico Group, et al. International phase III trial assessing neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of the BA06 30894 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(16):2171–2177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis Collaboration. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data advanced bladder cancer (ABC) meta-analysis collaboration. Eur Urol. 2005;48(2):202–205; discussion 205–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sonpavde G, Goldman BH, Speights VO, . Quality of pathologic response and surgery correlate with survival for patients with completely resected bladder cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer. 2009;115(18):4104–4109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sjödahl G, Lauss M, Lövgren K . A molecular taxonomy for urothelial carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(12):3377–3386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sjödahl G, Lövgren K, Lauss M, . Toward a molecular pathologic classification of urothelial carcinoma. Am J Pathol. 2013;183(3): 681–691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bellmunt J, Theodore C, Demkov T, . Phase III trial of vinflunine plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone after a platinum-containing regimen in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(27):4454–4461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ko YJ, Canil CM, Mukherjee SD, . Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel for second-line treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single group, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(8):769–776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Necchi A, Mariani L, Zaffaroni N, . Pazopanib in advanced and platinum-resistant urothelial cancer: an open-label, single group, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(8):810–816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Iyer G, Hanrahan AJ, Milowsky MI, . Genome sequencing identifies a basis for everolimus sensitivity. Science. 2012;338(6104):221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Williams SD, Birch R, Einhorn LH, Irwin L, Greco FA, Loehrer PJ. Treatment of disseminated germ-cell tumors with cisplatin, bleomycin, and either vinblastine or etoposide. N Engl J Med. 1987;316(23):1435–1440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Chamness A, Brames MJ, Perkins SM, Abonour R. High-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell rescue for metastatic germ-cell tumors. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(4):340–348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Fizazi K, Carducci M, Smith M, . Denosumab versus zoledronic acid for treatment of bone metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind study. Lancet. 2011;377(9768):813–822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, . Overall survival and updated results for sunitinib compared with interferon alfa in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(22):3584–3590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rini BI, Halabi S, Rosenberg JE, . Phase III trial of bevacizumab plus interferon alfa versus interferon alfa monotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: final results of CALGB 90206. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(13):2137–2143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Escudier B, Pluzanska A, Koralewski P, Ravaud A, Bracarda S, Szczylik C, . Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, double-blind phase III trial. Lancet. 2007;370(9605):2103–2111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hutson TE, Gallardo J, Lesovoy V, . Axitinib versus sorafenib as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) [abstract LBA348]. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31( suppl 6)
   Google Scholar
• . Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, , TARGET Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):125–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar