Nutritional Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity and Pharmacologic Therapies to Facilitate Weight Loss

References

• . Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999–2010. JAMA. 2012;307(5):491–497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Geiss LS, Pan L, Cadwell B, Gregg EW, Benjamin SM, Engelgau MM. Changes in incidence of diabetes in U.S. adults, 1997–2003. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30(5):371–377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kramer H, Cao G, Dugas L, Luke A, Cooper R, Durazo-Arvizu R. Increasing BMI and waist circumference and prevalence of obesity among adults with type 2 diabetes: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. J Diabetes Complications. 2010;24(6):368–374
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011
   Google Scholar
• . Franz MJ, Boucher JL, Green-Pastors J, Powers MA. Evidence-based nutrition practice guidelines for diabetes and scope and standards of practice. J Am Diet AsSoc. 2008;108(4 suppl 1):S52–S58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Franz MJ, Monk A, Barry B, . Effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy provided by dietitians in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Diet AsSoc. 1995;95(9):1009–1017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Miller CK, Edwards L, Kissling G, Sanville L. Nutrition education improves metabolic outcomes among older patients with diabetes mellitus: results from a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med. 2002;34(2):252–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Franz M, Powers MA, Leontos C, . The evidence for medical nutrition therapy for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults. J Am Diet AsSoc. 2010;110(12):1852–1889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Peek ME, Tang H, Alexander GC, Chin MH. National prevalence of lifestyle counseling or referral among African-Americans and whites with diabetes. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;23(11):1858–1864
   Google Scholar
• . Meigs JB, Stafford RS, Randall S. Cardiovascular disease prevention practices by U.S. physicians for patients with diabetes. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(4):220–228
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Marrero DG, Kraft SK, Mayfield J, Wheeler ML, Fineberg N. Nutrition management of type 2 diabetes by primary care physicians: reported use and barriers. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(11):818–821
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wheeler ML, Pi-Sunyer FX. Carbohydrate issues: type and amount. J Am Diet AsSoc. 2008;108(4 suppl 1):S34–S39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kelley DE. Sugars and starch in nutritional management of diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(4):858S–864S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2005
   Google Scholar
• . Kulkarni KD. Carbohydrate counting: a practical meal-planning option for people with diabetes. Clin Diabetes. 2005;23(3):120–122
   Google Scholar
• . American Diabetes Association. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes. A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2008;31( suppl 1):S61–S78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Anderson EJ, Richardson M, Castle G, . Nutrition interventions for intensive therapy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. The DCCT Research Group. J Am Diet AsSoc. 1993;93(7):768–772
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Brand-Miller JC, Stockmann K, Atkinson F, Petocz P, Denyer G. Glycemic index, postprandial glycemia, and the shape of the curve in healthy subjects: an analysis of more than 1000 foods. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(1):97–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Abraira C, Derler J. Large variations of sucrose in constant carbohydrate diets in type II diabetes. Am J Med. 1988;84(2):193–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rickard KA, Cleveland JF, Loghmani ES, Fineberg NS, Freidenberg GR. Similar glycemic responses to high vs moderate sucrose-containing foods in test meals for adolescents with type 1 diabetes and fasting euglycemia. J Am Diet AsSoc. 2001;101(10):1202–1205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bantle JP, Swanson JE, Thomas W, Laine DC. Metabolic effects of dietary sucrose in type II diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(9):1301–1305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Malerbi DA, Paiva ES, Duarte AL, Wajchenberg BL. Metabolic effects of dietary sucrose and fructose in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(11):1249–1256
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bray GA. Potential health risks from beverages containing fructose found in sugar or high fructose corn syrup. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(1):11–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(4):667–675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Olsen NJ, Heitmann BL. Intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity. Obes Rev. 2009;10(1):68–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2477–2483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Franz M. High-fructose corn syrup. What's all the fuss about? Diabetes Self Manag. 2011;28(3):33–34, 36–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, Havel PJ. Adverse metabolic effects of dietary fructose: results from recent epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2013;24(3):198–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis RH, . Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutr Rev. 2009;67(4):188–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Steemburgo T, Dall'Alba V, Almeida JC, Zelmanovitz T, Gross JL, de Azevedo MJ. Intake of soluble fibers has a protective role for the presence of metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(1):127–133
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Weickert MO, Roden M, Isken F, . Effects of supplemented isoenergetic diets differing in cereal fiber and protein content on insulin sensitivity in overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(2):459–471
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . O'Neil C, Nicklas T, Zanovec M, Cho S. Fiber consumption and metabolic syndrome in adults: results from NHANES 1999–2004. FASEB J. 2009;23(1):LB491
   Google Scholar
• . Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K, Grundy SM, Brinkley LJ. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2001;342(19):1392–1398
   Google Scholar
• . Post RE, Mainous AG 3rd, King DE, Simpson KN. Dietary fiber for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. J Am Board Fam Med. 2012;25(1):16–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rebrin K, Steil GM, Mittelman SD, Bergman RN. Causal linkage between insulin suppression of lipolysis and suppression of liver glucose output in dogs. J Clin Invest. 1996;98(3):741–749
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Savage DB, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Disordered lipid metabolism and the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Physiol Rev. 2007;87(2):507–520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Risérus U. Fatty acids and insulin sensitivity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11(2):100–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, Pyörälä K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(4):229–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Stampfer MJ, Sacks FM, Salvini S, Willett WC, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(6):373–381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(15):1601–1613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Oomen CM, Ocke MC, Feskens EJ, van Erp-Baart MA, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Association between trans fatty acid intake and 10-year risk of coronary heart disease in the Zutphen Elderly Study: a prospective population-based study. Lancet. 2001;357(9258):746–751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Oh K, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Dietary fat intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women: 20 years of follow-up of the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161(7):672–679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Risérus U. Trans fatty acids and insulin resistance. Atheroscler Suppl. 2006;7(2):37–39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hartweg J, Perera R, Montori V, Dinneen S, Neil HA, Farmer A. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for type 2 diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD003205
   Google Scholar
• . The ORIGIN Trial Investigators. N-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(4):309–318
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rizkalla SW, Taghrid L, Laromiguiere M, . Improved plasma glucose control, whole-body glucose utilization and lipid profile on a low-glycemic diet in type 2 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(8):1866–1872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Summers LK, Fielding BA, Bradshaw HA, . Substituting dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat changes abdominal fat distribution and improves insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia. 2002;45(3):369–377
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Garg A. High-monounsaturated-fat diets for patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67( suppl 3):577S–582S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Layman DK, Clifton P, Gannon MC, Krauss RM, Nuttall FQ. Protein in optimal health: heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(5):1571S–1575S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ferranini E, Bevilacqua S, Lanzone L, . Metabolic interactions of amino acids and glucose in healthy humans. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 1988;3:175–186
   Google Scholar
• . Krezowski PA, Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC, Bartosh NH. The effect of protein ingestion on the metabolic response to oral glucose in normal individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;44(6):847–856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ajala O, Enlgish P, Pinkney J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(3):505–516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wheeler ML, Dunbar SA, Jaacks LM, . Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(2):434–445
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Beasley JM, Wylie-Rosett J. The role of dietary proteins among persons with diabetes. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2013;15(9):348
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE, Wing RR, Meier A, Thaete FL. Effects of weight loss on regional fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in obesity. Diabetes. 1999;48(4):839–847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(18):1343–1350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Eriksson J, Franssila-Kallunki A, Ekstrand A, . Early metabolic defects in persons at increased risk for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(6):337–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . DeFronzo RA. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2009;58(4):773–795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Watts NB, Spanheimer RG, DiGirolamo M, . Prediction of glucose response to weight loss in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150(4):803–806
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wolf AM, Conaway MR, Crowther JQ, . Translating lifestyle intervention to practice in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: Improving Control with Activity and Nutrition (ICAN) study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(7):1570–1576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schauer PR, Burguera B, Ikramuddin S, . Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg. 2003;238(4):467–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schernthaner G, Brix JM, Kopp HP, Schernthaner GH. Cure of type 2 diabetes by metabolic surgery? A critical analysis of the evidence in 2010. Diabetes Care. 2011;34( suppl 2):S355–S360
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Redmon JB, Raatz SK, Kwong CA, Swanson JE, Thomas W, Bantle JP. Pharmacologic induction of weight loss to treat type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(6):896–903
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Klein S, Sheard NF, Pi-Sunyer X, Daly A, Wylie-Rosett J, Kulkarni K, . Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and strategies: a statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(8):2067–2073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Fujioka K, Seaton TB, Rowe E, Jelinek CA, Rakin P, Lebovitz HE, . Weight loss with sibutramine improves glycaemic control and other parameters in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2000;2(3):175–187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD, . Comparison of weight-loss diet with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(9):859–873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffiths JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and the Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;293(1):43–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wadden TA, Butryn ML, Wilson C. Lifestyle modification for the management of obesity. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(6):2226–2238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wadden TA, Crerand CE, Brock J. Behavioral treatment of obesity. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2005;28(1):151–170
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wing RR, Marquez B. Behavioral aspects of weight loss in type 2 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2008;8(2):126–131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA, . Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(7):1481–1486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wadden TA, Phelan S. Behavioral assessment of the obese patient. In: Wadden TA, Stunkard AJ, eds. Handbook of Obesity Treatment. New York: Guilford Press; 2002:186–226
   Google Scholar
• . Wing RR, Tate DF, Gorin AA, Raynor HA, Fava JL. A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(15):1563–1571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Turk MW, Yang K, Hravnak M, Sereika SM, Ewing LJ, Burke LE. Randomized clinical trials of weight-loss maintenance: a review. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009;24(1):58–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ryan DH, Espeland MA, Foster GD, Haffner SM, Hubbard VS, Johnson KC, ; Look AHEAD Research Group. Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes): design and methods for a clinical trial for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Control Clin Trials. 2003;24(5):610–628
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Weight loss does not lower heart disease risk from type 2 diabetes [press release]. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; October 19, 2012. http://www.nih.gov/news/health/oct2012/niddk-19.htm
   Google Scholar
• . , Look AHEAD Research GroupWing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL, Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):145–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Foster GD, Borradaile KE, Sanders MH, Millman R, Zammit G, Newman AB, . A randomized study on the effect of weight loss on obstructive sleep apnea among obese patients with type 2 diabetes: the Sleep AHEAD study. Ann Intern Med. 2009;169(17):1619–1626
   Google Scholar
• . Phelan S, Kanaya AM, Subak LL, Hogan PE, Espeland MA, Wing RR, . Weight loss prevents urinary incontinence in women with type 2 diabetes: results from the Look AHEAD trial. J Urol. 2012;187(3):939–944
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Faulconbridge LF, Wadden TA, Rubin RR, Wing RR, Walkup MP, Fabricatore AN, . One-year changes in symptoms of depression and weight in overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes in the Look AHEAD study. Obesity. 2012;20(4):783–793
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Williamson DA, Rejeski L, Lang W, Van Dorsten B, Fabricatore AN, Toledo K. Impact of a weight management program on health-related quality of life in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(2):163–171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Foy C, Lewis CE, Hairston KG, . Intensive lifestyle intervention improves physical function among obese adults with knee pain: findings from the Look AHEAD trial. Obesity. 2011;19(1):83–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rejeski WJ, Ip EH, Bertoni AG, Bray GA, Evans G, Gregg EW, . Lifestyle change and mobility in obese adults with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(13):1209–1217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Volek JS, Feinman RD. Carbohydrate restriction improves features of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome may be defined by the response to carbohydrate restriction. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005;2:31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Samaha FF, Foster GD, Makris AP. Low-carbohydrate diets, obesity, and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rev. 2007;9(6):441–447
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wylie-Rosett J, Aebersold K, Conlon B, Isasi CR, Ostrovsky NW. Health effects of low-carbohydrate diets: where should new research go? Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(2):271–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dyson PA. A review of low and reduced carbohydrate diets and weight loss in type 2 diabetes. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2008;21(6):530–538
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, . A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(21):2074–2081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ. Effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53(9):2375–2382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dyson PA, Beatty S, Matthews DR. A low-carbohydrate diet is more effective in reducing body weight than healthy eating behaviors in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabet Med. 2007;24(12):1430–1435
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, . The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(10):778–785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Parker B, Foster P, Clifton PM. Long-term effects of advice to consume a high-protein, low-fat diet rather than a conventional weight loss diet, in obese adults with type 2 diabetes: one-year follow-up of a randomised trial. Diabetologia. 2004;47(10):1677–1686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wolever TM, Gibbs AL, Mehling C, Chiasson JL, Connelly PW, Josse RG, . The Canadian trial of carbohydrates in diabetes (CCD), a 1-y controlled trial of low-glycemic index dietary carbohydrate in type 2 diabetes: no effect on glycated hemoglobin but reduction in c-reactive protein. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(1):114–125
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Davis NJ, Tomuta N, Schechter C, Isasi CR, Segal-Isaacson CJ, Stein D, . Comparative study of the effects of a 1-year dietary intervention of a low-carbohydrate diet versus a low-fat diet on weight and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1147–1152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, Shahar DR, Witkow S, Greenberg I, . Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(3):229–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schwarzfuchs D, Golan R, Shai I. Four-year follow-up after two-year dietary interventions. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(14):1373–1374
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Vetter ML, Iqbal N, Dalton-Bakes C, Volger S, Wadden TA. Long-term effects of low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diets in obese persons. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(5):334–335
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hu T, Mills KT, Yao L, Demanelis K, Eloustaz M, Yancy WS Jr, . Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176( suppl 7):S44–S54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kirk JK, Graves DE, Craven TE, Lipkin EW, Austin M, Margolis KL. Restricted-carbohydrate diets in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. J Am Diet AsSoc. 2008;108(1):91–100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, Maki M, Yachi Y, Sato M, . Influence of fat and carbohydrate proportion son the metabolic profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(5):959–965
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wheeler ML, Dunbar SA, Jaacks LM, Karmally W, Mayer-Davis EJ, Wylie-Rosett J, . Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(2):434–445
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2013. Diabetes Care. 2013;36( suppl 1):S11–S66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, Barker H, Fielden H, Baldwin JM, . Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(3):362–366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ludwig DS. The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2002;287(18):2414–2423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Thomas D, Elliott EJ. Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD006296
   Google Scholar
• . Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, McKeown-Eyssen G, . Effect of a low-glycemic index or a high-cereal fiber diet on type 2 diabetes. A randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300(23):2742–2753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ma Y, Olendzki B, Merriam PA, Chiriboga DE, Culver AL, Li W, . A randomized clinical trial comparing low-glycemic index versus ADA dietary education among individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition. 2008;24(1):45–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Davis N, Forbes B, Wylie-Rosett J. Nutritional strategies in type 2 diabetes. Mt Sinai J Med. 2009;76(3):257–268
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Nield L, Moore HJ, Hooper L, Cruickshank JK, Vyas A, Whittaker V, . Dietary advice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD004097
   Google Scholar
• . Fung TT, Rexrode KM, Mantzoros CS, Manson JE, Willet WC, Hu FB. Mediterranean diets and incidence of and mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke in women. Circulation. 2009;119(8):1093–1100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Knoops KT, de Groot LC, Kromhout D, Perrin AE, Moreiras-Varela O, Menotti A, . Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE project. JAMA. 2004;292(12):1433–1439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mitrou PN, Kipnis V, Tiebaut AC, . Mediterranean dietary pattern and prediction of all-cause mortality in a U.S. population: results from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(22):2461–2468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Estruch R, Martinez-González MA, Corella D, Salas-Salvado J, Ruiz-Guiterrez V, Covas MI, . Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(1):1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Shah M, Adams-Huet B, Brinkley L, Grundy SM, Garg A. Lipid, glycemic, and insulin responses to meals rich in saturated, cis-monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated (n-3 and n-6) fatty acids in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(12):2993–2998
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Ciotola M, Di Palo C, Scognamiglio P, Gicchino M, . Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(5):306–314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Abdollahi M, Farshchi A, Nikfar S, Seyedifar M. Effect of chromium on glucose and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;16(1):99–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Capdor J, Foster M, Petocz P, Samman S. Zinc and glycemic control: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled supplementation trials in humans. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2013;27(2):137–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . George PS, Pearson ER, Witham MD. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycaemic control and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2012;29(8):e142–e150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Sinprasert S. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2011;36(1):53–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Allen RW, Schwartzman E, Baker WL, Coleman CI, Phung OJ. Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2013;11(5):452–459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Yeh GY, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, Phillips RS. Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(4):1277–1294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Unger J. Reducing oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a primary care call to action. Insulin. 2008;3:176–184
   Google Scholar
• . Nadeau DA. Physiologic and weight-focused treatment strategies for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus: the metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, and insulin (MGI) approach. Postgrad Med. 2013;125(3):112–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lee M, Aronne LJ. Weight management for type 2 diabetes mellitus: global cardiovascular risk reduction. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(4 A):68B–79B
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 207;335(7629):1194–1199
   Google Scholar
• . Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, Gregg E, Schmid CH, Lau J. Pharmacotherapy for weight loss in adults with type 2 diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;1:CD004096
   Google Scholar
• . Gadde KM, Allison DB, Ryan DH, . Effects of low-dose, controlled-release phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9776):1341–1352
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Chan EW, He Y, Chui CS, Wong AY, Lau WC, Wong IC. Efficacy and safety of lorcaserin in obese adults: a meta-analysis of 1-year randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and narrative review on short-term RCTs. Obes Rev. 2013;14(5):383–392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Li Z, Maglione M, Tu W, Mojica W, Arterburn D, Shugarman LR, . Meta-analysis: pharmacologic treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(7):532–546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ye Z, Chen L, Yang Z, . Metabolic effects of fluoxetine in adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo controlled trials. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e21551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kramer CK, Leitao CB, Pinto LC, Canani LH, Azevedo MJ, Gross JL. Efficacy and safety of topiramate on weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 2011;12(5):e338–e347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gadde KM, Kopping MF, Wagner HR, Yonish GM, Allison DB, Bray GA. Zonisamide for weight reduction in obese adults: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(20):1557–1564
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Saenz A, Fernandez-Esteban I, Mataix A, Ausejo M, Roque M, Moher D. Metformin monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;3:CD002966
   Google Scholar
• . Gross JL, Kramer CK, Leitao CB, Hawkins N, Viana LV, Schaan BD, . Effect of antihyperglycemic agents added to metformin and a sulfonylurea on glycemic control and weight gain in type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(10):672–679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Vilsbøll T, Christensen M, Junker AE, Knop FK, Gluud LL. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. BMJ. 2012;344:d7771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Shyangdan DS, Royle PL, Clar C, Sharma P, Waugh NR. Glucagon-like peptide analogues for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2010;10:20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Singh-Franco D, Perez A, Harrington C. The effect of pramlintide acetate on glycemic control and weight in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in obese patients without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13(2):169–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Stenlof K, Cefalu WT, Kim KA, Alba M, Usiskin K, Tong C, . Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(4):372–382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Clar C, Gill JA, Court R, Waugh N. Systematic review of SGLT2 receptor inhibitors in dual or triple therapy in type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open. 2012;2(5):e001007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar