561
Views
41
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Focus; ADHD, Psychiatric Disorders, and Stroke and Neurology

Comorbidities in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Practical Guide to Diagnosis in Primary Care

, MD & , MD, MBA

References

  • . Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, . The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(4):716–723
  • . American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013
  • . Solanto MV, Wasserstein J, Marks DJ, Mitchell KJ. Diagnosis of ADHD in adults: what is the appropriate DSM-5 symptom threshold for hyperactivity-impulsivity? J Atten Disord. 2012;16(8):631–634
  • . American Psychiatric Association. Attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed, text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000:85–93
  • . Babcock T, Ornstein CS. Comorbidity and its impact in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a primary care perspective. Postgrad Med. 2009;121(3):73–82
  • . Primich C, Iennaco J. Diagnosing adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: the importance of establishing daily life contexts for symptoms and impairments. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2012;19(4):362–373
  • . Wilens TE, Dodson W. A clinical perspective of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into adulthood. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(10):1301–1313
  • . Adler LA. Diagnosing and treating adult ADHD and comorbid conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(11):e31
  • . Adler L, Cohen J. Diagnosis and evaluation of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2004;27(2):187–201
  • . Barkley RA. Primary symptoms, diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and gender differences. In: Barkley RA, ed. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment, 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2005:76–121
  • . Kooij JJ, Huss M, Asherson P, . Distinguishing comorbidity and successful management of adult ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2012;16( 5 suppl):3S–19S
  • . Brook JS, Brook DW, Zhang C, Seltzer N, Finch SJ. Adolescent ADHD and adult physical and mental health, work performance, and financial stress. Pediatrics. 2013;131(1):5–13
  • . Frick PJ, Nigg JT. Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS_v.1.1) Symptom Checklist. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2012;8:77–107
  • . Wingo AP, Ghaemi SN. Frequency of stimulant treatment and of stimulant-associated mania/hypomania in bipolar disorder patients. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2008;41(4):37–47
  • . Adler LA, Kessler RC, Spencer T. Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-v1.1 (ASRS-v1.1) Symptom Checklist. World Health Organization. http://webdoc.nyumc.org/nyumc/files/psych/attachments/psych_adhd_checklist.pdf. Accessed June 26, 2013
  • . Kessler RC, Adler LA, Gruber MJ, Sarawate CA, Spencer T, Van Brunt DL. Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener in a representative sample of health plan members. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2007;16(2):52–65
  • . Conners CK Erhardt D, Sparrow E. Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales, Technical Manual. New York: Multi-Health Systems Inc.; 1999
  • . Weiss MD, Dickson R, Wasdell MB, Bomben MM, Caney SV. Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale—Parent Report (WFIRS-P). Presented at: American Psychiatric Association 158th Annual Meeting, May 21–26, 2005, Atlanta, GA
  • . Brod M, Johnston J, Able S, Swindle R. Validation of the adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder quality-of-life scale (AAQoL): a diseasespecific quality-of-life measure. Qual Life Res. 2006;15(1):117–129
  • . McIntosh D, Kutcher S, Binder C, Levitt A, Fallu A, Rosenbluth M. Adult ADHD and comorbid depression: a consensus-derived diagnostic algorithm for ADHD. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2009;5:137–150
  • . Wigal SB. Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults. CNS Drugs. 2009;23( suppl 1):21–31
  • . Cumyn L, French L, Hechtman L. Comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2009;54(10):673–683
  • . American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000
  • . Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD–7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–1097
  • . Adler LA, Kunz M, Chua HC, Rotrosen J, Resnick SG. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): is ADHD a vulnerability factor? J Atten Disord. 2004;8(1):11–16
  • . Harrington KM, Miller MW, Wolf EJ, Reardon AF, Ryabchenko KA, Ofrat S. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity in a sample of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(6):679–690
  • . Ford JD, Connor DF. ADHD and posttraumatic stress disorder. Current Attention Disorders Reports. 2009;1(2):60–66
  • . Ruggiero KJ, Del Ben K, Scotti JR, Rabalais AE. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version. J Trauma Stress. 2003;16(5):495–502
  • . Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, . European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: the European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:67
  • . Rostain AL. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: evidence-based recommendations for management. Postgrad Med. 2008;120(3):27–38
  • . Bruggisser M, Bodmer M, Liechti ME. Severe toxicity due to injected but not oral or nasal abuse of methylphenidate tablets. Swiss Med Wkly. 2011;141:w13267
  • . Lott DC, Kim SJ, Cook EH Jr, de Wit H. Dopamine transporter gene associated with diminished subjective response to amphetamine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30(3):602–609
  • . Duong S, Chung K, Wigal SB. Metabolic, toxicological, and safety considerations for drugs used to treat ADHD. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012;8(5):543–552
  • . Goodman D. Adult ADHD and comorbid depressive disorders: diagnostic challenges and treatment options. CNS Spectr. 2009;14(7 suppl 6): 5–7; discussion 13–14
  • . Ryden E, Thase ME, Straht D, . A history of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) impacts clinical outcome in adult bipolar patients regardless of current ADHD. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009;120(3):239–246
  • . Hirschfeld RM, Williams JB, Spitzer RL, . Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(11):1873–1875
  • . Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–613
  • . Zimmerman M, Martinez J, Attiullah N, Friedman M, Toba C, Boerescu DA. How should residual symptoms be defined in depressed patients who have remitted? Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(2):91–96
  • . Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Milberger S, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV. Psychoactive substance use disorders in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): effects of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(11):1652–1658
  • . Carpentier PJ, van Gogh MT, Knapen LJ, Buitelaar JK, De Jong CA. Influence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder on opioid dependence severity and psychiatric comorbidity in chronic methadone-maintained patients. Eur Addict Res. 2011;17(1):10–20
  • . Fatseas M, Debrabant R, Auriacombe M. The diagnostic accuracy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with substance use disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25(3):219–225
  • . Bukstein OG. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders. In: Stanford C, Tannock R, eds. Behavioral Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2011:145–172
  • . McAweeney M, Rogers NL, Huddleston C, Moore D, Gentile JP. Symptom prevalence of ADHD in a community residential substance abuse treatment program. J Atten Disord. 2010;13(6):601–608
  • . Carpentier PJ, Knapen LJ, van Gogh MT, Buitelaar JK, De Jong CA. Addiction in developmental perspective: influence of conduct disorder severity, subtype, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder on problem severity and comorbidity in adults with opioid dependence. J Addict Dis. 2012;31(1):45–59
  • . Levin FR. Diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in patients with substance use disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68( suppl 11):9–14
  • . Bush B, Shaw S, Cleary P, Delbanco TL, Aronson MD. Screening for alcohol abuse using the CAGE questionnaire. Am J Med. 1987;82(2):231–235
  • . Knight JR, Sherritt L, Shrier LA, Harris SK, Chang G. Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156(6):607–614
  • . Czamara D, Tiesler CM, Kohlbock G, . Children with ADHD symptoms have a higher risk for reading, spelling and math difficulties in the GINIplus and LISAplus cohort studies. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63859
  • . Semrud-Clikeman M, Bledsoe J. Updates on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2011;13(5):364–373
  • . Barnes KA, Howard JH Jr, Howard DV, Kenealy L, Vaidya CJ. Two forms of implicit learning in childhood ADHD. Dev Neuropsychol. 2010;35(5):494–505
  • . Ginsberg Y, Hirvikoski T, Lindefors N. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among longer-term prison inmates is a prevalent, persistent and disabling disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:112
  • . Lord C, Rutter M, Le Couteur A. Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 1994;24(5):659–685
  • . Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E. The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord. 2001;31(1):5–17
  • . Kessler RC, Coccaro EF, Fava M, Jaeger S, Jin R, Walters E. The prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(6):669–678
  • . Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Wilens T, Mick E, Lapey KA. Gender differences in a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1994;53(1):13–29
  • . Semiz UB, Basoglu C, Oner O, . Effects of diagnostic comorbidity and dimensional symptoms of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in men with antisocial personality disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008;42(5):405–413
  • . Lampe K, Konrad K, Kroener S, . Neuropsychological and behavioural disinhibition in adult ADHD compared to borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med. 2007;37(12):1717–1729
  • . Ferrer M, Andion O, Matali J, . Comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in borderline patients defines an impulsive subtype of borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord. 2010;24(6):812–822
  • . Krause-Utz A, Sobanski E, Alm B, . Impulsivity in relation to stress in patients with borderline personality disorder with and without co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an exploratory study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(2):116–123
  • . Zanarini MC, Vujanovic AA, Parachini EA, Boulanger JL, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J. A screening measure for BPD: the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD). J Pers Disord. 2003;17(6):568–573
  • . Zanarini MC, Vujanovic AA, Parachini EA, Boulanger JL, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J. Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD): a continuous measure of DSM-IV borderline psychopathology. J Pers Disord. 2003;17(3):233–242
  • . Lieb K, Zanarini MC, Schmahl C, Linehan MM, Bohus M. Borderline personality disorder. Lancet. 2004;364(9432):453–461
  • . Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines, 3rd ed. Canadian Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Resource Alliance (CADDRA); 2011. www.caddra.ca/cms4/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=70&lang=en. Accessed August 6, 2014
  • . Klassen LJ, Bilkey TS, Katzman M, Chokka P. Comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder: treatment considerations. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2012;5(3):190–198
  • . Robison RJ, Reimherr FW, Marchant BK, Faraone SV, Adler LA, West SA. Gender differences in 2 clinical trials of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a retrospective data analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(2):213–221
  • . Rucklidge JJ. Gender differences in ADHD: implications for psychosocial treatments. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008;8(4):643–655
  • . Connor DF, Steeber J, McBurnett K. A review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder complicated by symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2010;31(5):427–440

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.