385
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Features

Delirium Superimposed on Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment

, MD & , MD, FAAFP

References

  • . Apostolova LG, DeKosky ST, Cummings JL. Dementias. In: Daroff: Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice, 6th ed. Maryland Heights, MO: WB Saunders; 2012:1534–1582
  • . Alzheimer's Association. 2013 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's Dementia. 2013;9(2):208–245
  • . Gross AL, Jones RN, Habtemariam DA,. Delirium and long-term cognitive trajectory among persons with dementia. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(17):1324–1331
  • . Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005;366:2112–2117
  • . Peterson RC, Smith GE, Waring SC,. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:303–308
  • . American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994
  • . Fick DM, Agostini JV, Inouye SK. Delirium superimposed on dementia: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(10):1723–1732
  • . De Lange E, Verhaak PFM, van der Meer K. Prevalence, presentation and prognosis of delirium in older people in the population, at home and in long term care: a review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;28:127–134
  • . Hasegawa N, Hashimoto M, Yuuki S,. Prevalence of delirium among outpatients with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25:1877–1883
  • . Fick DM, Steis MR, Waller JL, Inouye SK. Delirium superimposed on dementia is associated with prolonged length of stay and poor outcomes in hospitalized older adults. J Hosp Med. 2013;8:500–505
  • . Petersen RC, Stevens JC, Ganguli M,. Practice parameter: early detection of dementia: mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001;56:1133–1142
  • . Fong TG, Jones RN, Marcantonio ER, Tommet D,. Adverse outcomes after hospitalization and delirium in persons with Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156(12):848–856
  • . Boettger S, Passik S, Breitbart W. Treatment characteristics of delirium superimposed on dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(10):1671–1676
  • . McCusker J, Cole M, Dendukuri N, Han L, Belzile É. The course of delirium in older medical inpatients. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(9):696–704
  • . Leslie DL, Zhang Y, Holford TR, Bogardus ST, Leo-Summers LS, Inouye SK. Premature death associated with delirium at 1-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(14):1657–1662
  • . Gross AL, Jones RN, Habtemariam DA,. Delirium and long-term cognitive trajectory among persons with dementia. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(17):1324–1331
  • . McCusker J, Cole M, Dendukuri N,. Delirium in older medical inpatients and subsequent cognitive and functional status, a prospective study. Can Med Assoc J. 2001;165:575–583
  • . Leslie DL, Marcantonio ER, Zhang Y, Leo-Summers L, Inouye SK. One-year health care costs associated with delirium in the elderly population. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(1):27–32
  • . Eikelenboom P, Hoogendijk WJG. Do delirium and Alzheimer's dementia share specific pathogenetic mechanisms? Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1999;10:319–324
  • . Taffett GE. Physiology of aging. In: Cassel CK, Leipzig RM,. Geriatric Medicine: An Evidence Based Approach, 4th ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2003:27–35
  • . Quinlan N, Marcantonio ER, Inouye SK, Gill TM, Kamholz B, Rudolph JL. Vulnerability: the crossroads of frailty and delirium. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:S262–S268
  • . Inouye SK. Delirium in older persons. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1157–1165
  • . Inouye SK, Charpentier PA. Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons: predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability. JAMA. 1996;275:852–857
  • . Inouye SK. The dilemma of delirium: clinical and research controversies regarding diagnosis and evaluation of delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients. Am J Med. 1994;97(3):278–288
  • . American Geriatrics Society. Geriatrics Evaluation and Management (GEM): Delirium. New York: American Geriatrics Society; 2013
  • . Inouye SK. The dilemma of delirium: clinical and research controversies regarding diagnosis and evaluation of delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients. Am J Med. 1994;97(3):278–288
  • . Inouye SK, Foreman MD, Mion LC, Katz KH, Cooney LM Jr. Nurses' recognition of delirium and its symptoms: comparison of nurse and researcher ratings. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(20):2467–2473
  • . Morandi A, McCurley J, Vaselevskis EE,. Tools to detect delirium superimposed on dementia: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(11):2005–2013
  • . Inouye SK, van Dyck CK, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method a new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:941–948
  • . Hestermann U, Backenstrass M, Gekle I,. Validation of a German version of the Confusion Assessment Method for delirium detection is a sample of acute geriatric patients with a high prevalence of dementia. Psychopathology. 2009;42(4):270–276
  • . Steis MR, Evans L, Hirrschman KB,. Screening for delirium using family caregivers: convergent validity of the family confusion assessment method and interviewer-rated confusion assessment method. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(11):2121–2126
  • . Inouye SK, Bogardus ST, Charpentier PA,. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:669–676
  • . Inouye SK, Bogardus ST, Baker DI, Leo-Summers L, Cooney LM Jr. The Hospital Elder Life Program: a model of care to prevent cognitive and functional decline in older hospitalized patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:1697–1706
  • . Naughton BJ, Saltzman S, Ramadan F,. A multifactorial intervention to reduce prevalence of delirium and shorten hospital length of stay. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:18–23
  • . Rizzo JA, Bogardus ST Jr, Leo-Summers L,. Multicomponent targeted intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients: What is the economic value? Med Care. 2001;39:740–752
  • . Bogardus ST, Desai MM, Williams CS, Leo-Summers LM, Acampora D, Inouye SK. The effects of a targeted multicomponent delirium intervention on postdischarge outcomes for hospitalized older adults. Am J Med. 2003;114:383–390
  • . National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Delirium: diagnosis, prevention and management (clinical guideline 103). www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13060/49909/49909.pdf. Accessed on June 18, 2013
  • . McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, Han L, Podoba JE, Ramman-Haddah L. Environmental risk factors for delirium in hospitalized older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(10):1327–1334
  • . Tropea J, Slee JA, Brand CA, Gray L, Snell T. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of delirium in older people in Australia. Australas J Ageing. 2008;27:150–156
  • . American Geriatric Society. Guide to the management of psychotic disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in older adults. http://dementia.americangeriatrics.org/GeriPsych_index.php
  • . Flaherty JH, Gonzales JP, Dong B. Antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium in older hospitalized adults: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:S269–S276
  • . Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S,. Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults. JAMA. 2011;306:1359–1369
  • . Rossom RC, Rector TS, Lederle FA, Dysken MW. Are all commonly prescribed antipsychotics associated with greater mortality in elderly male veterans with dementia? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:1027–1034
  • . Kales HC, Kim HM, Zivin K,. Risk of mortality among individual antipsychotics in patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;163:71–79
  • . Douglas IJ, Smeeth L. Exposure to antipsychotics and risk of stroke: self controlled case series study. BMJ. 2008;337:a1227
  • . Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, Hall K, Stein CM. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:225–235
  • . Girardin FR, Gex-Fabry M, Berney P,. Drug induced long QT in adult psychiatric inpatients: the 5-year cross-sectional ECG screening outcome in psychiatry study. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:1468–1476
  • . Parker C, Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J. Antipsychotic drugs and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control study. BMJ. 2010;341:c4245
  • . Zornberg GL, Jick H. Antipsychotic drug use and the risk of first-time idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a case—control study. Lancet. 2000;356:1219–1223
  • . Hägg S, Spigset O, Söderström TG. Association of venous thromboembolism and clozapine. Lancet. 2000;355:1155–1156
  • . De Jonghe A, Korevaar JC, van Munster BC, de Rooij SE. Effectiveness of melatonin treatment on circadian rhythm disturbances in dementia. Are there implications for delirium? A systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25:1201–1208
  • . Singer C, Tractenberg RD, Kave J,. A multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin for sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's disease. Sleep. 2003;26:893–901
  • . Gehrman PR, Connor DJ, Martin JL,. Melatonin fails to improve sleep or agitation in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17:166–193
  • . Al-Aama T, Brymer C, Gutmanis I,. Melatonin decreases delirium in elderly patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;26:687–694
  • . Hatta K, Kishi Y, Wada K,. Preventive effects of ramelteon on delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71:397–403
  • . Inouye SK. Delirium in hospitalized older patients. Clin Geriatr Med. 1998;14:745–764
  • . American Geriatrics Society. A guide to dementia diagnosis and treatment. http://dementia.americangeriatrics.org. Accessed July 21, 2013

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.