References
- Melton LJ III, Kan SH, Frey MA, et al: Epidemiology of vertebral fractures in women. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129(5):1000–1011
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Promotion, 1996
- Lindsay R: Osteoporosis: A Guide to Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. New York City, Raven Press, 1992
- Kanis JA, Melton LJ III, Christiansen C, et al: The di- agnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Min Res 1994; 9(8): 1137–1141
- Rubin CT, Lanyon LE: Dynamic strain similarity in vertebrates: an alternative to allometric limb bone scaling. J Theoret Biol 1984; 107(2):321–327
- Chesnut CH III: Bone mass and exercise. Am J Med 1993; 95(5A):34S–36S
- Huddieston AL, Rockwell D, Kulund DN, et al: Bone mass in lifetime tennis athletes. JAMA 1980; 244(10): 1107–1109
- Kirchner EM, Lewis RD, O'Connor PJ: Effect of past gymnastic participation on adult bone mass. J Appl Physiol 1996; 80(1):226–232
- Taaffe DR, Robison TL, Snow CM, et al: High-impact exercise promotes bone gain in well-trained female athletes. J Bone Miner Res 1997; 12 (2):255–260
- Heinonen A, Kannus R Sievanen H, et al: Randomized controlled trial of effect of high-impact exercise on selected risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 1996; 348(9038): 1343–1347
- Greendale GA, Barrett-Connor E, Edelstein S, et al: Lifetime leisure exercise and osteoporosis: the Rancho Bernardo study. Am J Epidemiol 1995:141(10): 951–959
- Shimegi S, Yanagita M, Okano H, et al: Physical exercise increases bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Endocr J 1994; 41(l):49–56
- Ballard JE, McKeown BC, Graham HM, et al: The effect of high level physical activity (8.5 METs or greater) and estrogen replacement therapy upon bone mass in postmenopausal females aged 50–68. Int J Sports Med 1990; 11(3):208–214
- Brooke-Wavell K, Jones PRM, Hardman AE: Brisk walking reduces calcaneal bone loss in post-menopausal women. Clin Sci 1997;92(l):75–80
- Krall EA, Dawson-Hughes B: Walking is related to bone density and rates of bone loss. Am J Med 1994; 96(l):20–26
- Inoue T, Kushida K, Kobayashi G, et al: Exercise therapy for osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Int 1993;3(suppl 1):166–168
- Hartard M, Haber P, Ilieva D, et al: Systematic strength training as a model of therapeutic intervention: a controlled trial in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. Am J Phys Med Rehab 1996; 75(1): 21–28
- Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, et al: Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. N Engl J Med 1995; 332(12):767–773
- Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Morganti CM, et al: Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1994; 272(24):1909–1914
- Felson DT, Zhang Y, Hannan TM, et al: The effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on bone density in elderly women. N Engl J Med 1993; 329(16):1141–1146
- Quigley ME, Martin PL 1, Burnier AM: Estrogen therapy arrests bone loss in elderly women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 156(6):1516–1523
- Tang MX, Jacobs D, Stern Y, et al: Effect of estrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1996; 438(9025):429–432
- Cauley JA, Cummings SR, Black DM, et al: Prevalence and determinants of estrogen replacement therapy in elderly women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163(5 pt 1):1438–1446
- Lieberman UA, Weiss SR, Broil J, et al: Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis: the Alendronate Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333(22):1437–1443
- Reginster JY, Deroisy R, Lecart MR et al: A doubleblind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial of intermittent nasal salmon calcitonin for prevention of postmenopausal lumbar spine bone loss. Am J Med 1995; 98(5):452–458
References
- Shimegi S, Yanagita M, Okano H, et al: Physical exercise increases borte mineral density in postmenopausal women. Endocrine J 1994; 41(i);49–56
- Lanyon LE: Using functional loading to influence bone mass and architecture: objectives, mechanisms, and relationship with estrogen of the mechanically adaptive process in bone. Bone 1996; 18(suppl 1):37S–43S