References
- . Shephard RJ. Physical activity and the child. Sports Med. 1984;1(3):205–233
- . Maffulli N, Baxter-Jones AD, Grieve A. Long term sport involvement and sport injury rate in elite young athletes. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(5):525–527
- . Smith AD, Tao SS. Knee injuries in young athletes. Clin Sports Med. 1995;14(3):629–650
- . Klenerman L. ABC of sports medicine. Musculoskeletal injuries in child athletes. BMJ. 1994;308(6943):1556–1559
- . Maffulli N. The growing child in sport. Br Med Bull. 1992;48(3):561–568
- . Shanmugam C, Maffulli N. Sports injuries in children. Br Med Bull. 2008;86:33–57
- . d'Hemecourt P. Overuse injuries in the young athlete. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98(11):1727–1728
- . Baxter-Jones AD, Helms P, Maffulli N, Baines-Preece JC, Preece M. Growth and development of male gymnasts, swimmers, soccer and tennis players: a longitudinal study. Ann Hum Biol. 1995;22(5):381–394
- . Caine D, Cochrane B, Caine C, Zemper E. An epidemiologic investigation of injuries affecting young competitive female gymnasts. Am J Sports Med. 1989;17(6):811–820
- . Caine DJ, Maffulli N. Epidemiology of children's individual sports injuries. An important area of medicine and sport science research. Med Sport Sci. 2005;48:1–7
- . Caine DJ, Nassar L. Gymnastics injuries. Med Sport Sci. 2005;48:18–58
- . Erlandson MC, Sherar LB, Mirwald RL, Maffulli N, Baxter-Jones AD. Growth and maturation of adolescent female gymnasts, swimmers, and tennis players. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(1):34–42
- . Maffulli N, Longo UG, Gougoulias N, Loppini M, Denaro V. Long-term health outcomes of youth sports injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(1):21–25
- . Gould D, Petlichkoff L. Participation motivation and attrition in young athletes. In: Smoll FL, Magill RA, Ash MJ, eds. Children in Sport. 3rd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1988:161–178
- . Jackson DW, Silvino N, Reiman P. Osteochondritis in the female gymnast's elbow. Arthroscopy. 1989;5(2):129–136
- . Singer KM, Roy SP. Osteochondrosis of the humeral capitellum. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12(5):351–360
- . Dixon M, Fricker P. Injuries to elite gymnasts over 10 yr. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(12):1322–1329
- . Caine D, Knutzen K, Howe W. A three-year epidemiological study of injuries affecting young female gymnasts. Phys Ther Sport. 2003;4(1):10–23
- . Kolt GS, Kirkby RJ. Epidemiology of injury in elite and subelite female gymnasts: a comparison of retrospective and prospective findings. Br J Sports Med. 1999;33(5):312–318
- . Lindholm C, Hagenfeldt K, Ringertz BM. Pubertal development in elite juvenile gymnasts. Effects of physical training. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1994;73(3):269–273
- . Grimmer KA, Jones D, Williams J. Prevalence of adolescent injury from recreational exercise: an Australian perspective. J Adolesc Health. 2000;27(4):266–272
- . Caine D, DiFiori J, Maffulli N. Physeal injuries in children's and youth sports: reasons for concern? Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(9):749–760
- . Maffulli N. Epiphyseal injuries of the proximal phalanx of the hallux. Clin J Sport Med. 2001;11(2):121–123
- . Salter RB, Harris WR. Injuries involving the epiphyseal plate. J Bone Joint Surg (Am). 1963;45A:587–622
- . Ogden JA. Skeletal Injury in the Child. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger; 1982
- . Goldberg VM, Aadalen R. Distal tibial epiphyseal injuries: the role of athletics in 53 cases. Am J Sports Med. 1978;6(5):263–268
- . Gregg JR, Das M. Foot and ankle problems in the preadolescent and adolescent athlete. Clin Sports Med. 1982;1(1):131–147
- . Ilharreborde B, Raquillet C, Morel E, . Long-term prognosis of Salter-Harris type 2 injuries of the distal femoral physis. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2006;15(6):433–438
- . Nenopoulos SP, Papavasiliou VA, Papavasiliou AV. Outcome of physeal and epiphyseal injuries of the distal tibia with intra-articular involvement. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(4):518–522
- . Goldberg VM, Aadalen R. Distal tibial epiphyseal injuries: the role of athletics in 53 cases. Am J Sports Med. 1978;6(5):263–268
- . Cannata G, De Maio F, Mancini F, Ippolito E. Physeal fractures of the distal radius and ulna: long-term prognosis. J Orthop Trauma. 2003;17(3):172–179
- . Stephens DC, Louis E, Louis DS. Traumatic separation of the distal femoral epiphyseal cartilage plate. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56(7):1383–1390
- . Criswell AR, Hand WL, Butler JE. Abduction injuries of the distal femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976;115:189–194
- . Lombardo SJ, Harvey JP Jr. Fractures of the distal femoral epiphyses. Factors influencing prognosis: a review of thirty-four cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59(6):742–751
- . Burkhart SS, Peterson HA. Fractures of the proximal tibial epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61(7):996–1002
- . Cass JR, Peterson HA. Salter-Harris Type-IV injuries of the distal tibial epiphyseal growth plate, with emphasis on those involving the medial malleolus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983;65(8):1059–1070
- . Ogden JA. Distal clavicular physeal injury. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;188:68–73
- . Landin LA, Danielsson LG, Jonsson K, Pettersson H. Late results in 65 physeal ankle fractures. Acta Orthop Scand. 1986;57(6):530–534
- . Hynes D, O'Brien T. Growth disturbance lines after injury of the distal tibial physis. Their significance in prognosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70(2):231–233
- . Krueger-Franke M, Siebert CH, Pfoerringer W. Sports-related epiphyseal injuries of the lower extremity. An epidemiologic study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1992;32(1):106–111
- . Berson L, Davidson RS, Dormans JP, Drummond DS, Gregg JR. Growth disturbances after distal tibial physeal fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21(1):54–58
- . Eid AM, Hafez MA. Traumatic injuries of the distal femoral physis. Retrospective study on 151 cases. Injury. 2002;33(3):251–255
- . Barmada A, Gaynor T, Mubarak SJ. Premature physeal closure following distal tibia physeal fractures: a new radiographic predictor. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003;23(6):733–739
- . Nietosvaara Y, Hasler C, Helenius I, Cundy P. Marked initial displacement predicts complications in physeal fractures of the distal radius: an analysis of fracture characteristics, primary treatment and complications in 109 patients. Acta Orthop. 2005;76(6):873–877
- . Lalonde KA, Letts M. Traumatic growth arrest of the distal tibia: a clinical and radiographic review. Can J Surg. 2005;48(2):143–147
- . Kawamoto K, Kim WC, Tsuchida Y, . Incidence of physeal injuries in Japanese children. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2006;15(2):126–130
- . Arkader A, Warner WC Jr, Horn BD, Shaw RN, Wells L. Predicting the outcome of physeal fractures of the distal femur. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27(6):703–708
- . Caine D, DiFiori J, Maffulli N. Physeal injuries in children's and youth sports: reasons for concern? Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(9):749–760
- . Zilkens KW, Defrain W. Apophyseal avulsion fractures in adolescents—a typical sports injury [in German]. Aktuelle Traumatol. 1985;15(6):260–263
- . Hébert KJ, Laor T, Divine JG, Emery KH, Wall EJ. MRI appearance of chronic stress injury of the iliac crest apophysis in adolescent athletes. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(6):1487–1491
- . Ogden JA. Skeletal Injury in the Child. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2000
- . Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665–672
- . Moeller JL. Pelvic and hip apophyseal avulsion injuries in young athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2003;2(2):110–115
- . Sanders TG, Zlatkin MB. Avulsion injuries of the pelvis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2008;12(1):42–53
- . Burnett AF, Khangure MS, Elliott BC, Foster DH, Marshall RN, Hardcastle PH. Thoracolumbar disc degeneration in young fast bowlers in cricket: a follow-up study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1996;11(6):305–310
- . Rossi F, Dragoni S. Lumbar spondylolysis: occurrence in competitive athletes. Updated achievements in a series of 390 cases. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1990;30(4):450–452
- . Morita T, Ikata T, Katoh S, Miyake R. Lumbar spondylolysis in children and adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77(4):620–625
- . Foster D, John D, Elliott B, Ackland T, Fitch K. Back injuries to fast bowlers in cricket: a prospective study. Br J Sports Med. 1989;23(3):150–154
- . Annear PT, Chakera TM, Foster DH, Hardcastle PH. Pars interarticularis stress and disc degeneration in cricket's potent strike force: the fast bowler. Aust N Z J Surg. 1992;62(10):768–773
- . Hardcastle P, Annear P, Foster DH, . Spinal abnormalities in young fast bowlers. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992;74(3):421–425
- . Jackson DW, Wiltse LL, Cirincoine RJ. Spondylolysis in the female gymnast. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976;117:68–73
- . Ferguson RJ, McMaster JH, Stanitski CL. Low back pain in college football linemen. J Sports Med. 1974;2(2):63–69
- . McCarroll JR, Miller JM, Ritter MA. Lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in college football players. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 1986;14(5):404–406
- . Semon RL, Spengler D. Significance of lumbar spondylolysis in college football players. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1981;6(2):172–174
- . Moretz JA 3rd, Harlan SD, Goodrich J, Walters R. Long-term followup of knee injuries in high school football players. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12(4):298–300
- . de Vos RJ, van Veldhoven PL, Moen MH, Weir A, Tol JL, Maffulli N. Autologous growth factor injections in chronic tendinopathy: a systematic review [published online ahead of print March 2, 2010]. Br Med Bull.
- . Frisch A, Croisier JL, Urhausen A, Seil R, Theisen D. Injuries, risk factors and prevention initiatives in youth sport. Br Med Bull. 2009;92:95–121
- . Quedenfeld T. Sports-related injuries in youth: prevention is the key—and nurses can help! Pediatr Nurs. 1993;19(4):333–342
- . Brady TA, Cahill BR, Bodnar LM. Weight training-related injuries in the high school athlete. Am J Sports Med. 1982;10(1):1–5
- . Sewall L, Micheli LJ. Strength training for children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1986;6(2):143–146
- . Bahr R, Holme I. Risk factors for sports injuries—a methodological approach. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(5):384–392
- . Gougoulias N, Khanna A, Maffulli N. Sports activities after lower limb osteotomy. Br Med Bull. 2009;91:111–121
- . Khanna A, Friel M, Gougoulias N, Longo UG, Maffulli N. Prevention of adhesions in surgery of the flexor tendons of the hand: what is the evidence? Br Med Bull. 2009;90:85–109
- . Lippi G, Franchini M, Guidi GC. Doping in competition or doping in sport? Br Med Bull. 2008;86:95–107
- . Moreira A, Delgado L, Moreira P, Haahtela T. Does exercise increase the risk of upper respiratory tract infections? Br Med Bull. 2009;90:111–131