On-Field Management of the Acute Anterior Glenohumeral Dislocation

References

• . Chalidis B, Sachinis N, Dimitriou C, Papadopoulos P, Samoladas E, Pournaras J. Has the management of shoulder dislocation changed over time? Int Orthop. 2007;31(3):385–389
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Dodson CC, Cordasco FA. Anterior glenohumeral joint dislocations. Orthop Clin North Am. 2008;39(4):507–518, vii
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Zacchilli MA, Owens BD. Epidemiology of shoulder dislocations presenting to emergency departments in the United States. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(3):542–549
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bonza JE, Fields SK, Yard EE, Dawn Comstock R. Shoulder injuries among United States high school athletes during the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 school years. J Athl Train. 2009;44(1):76–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hootman JM, Dick R, Agel J. Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):311–319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Smith TO. Immobilisation following traumatic anterior glenohumeral joint dislocation: a literature review. Injury. 2006;37(3):228–237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sileo MJ, Joseph S, Nelson CO, Botts JD, Penna J. Management of acute glenohumeral dislocations. Am J Orthop. 2009;38(6):282–290
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Herring SA, Bergfeld JA, Bernhardt DT, . Selected issues for the adolescent athlete and the team physician: a consensus statement. http://www.aaos.org/about/papers/advistmt/1032.asp. Accessed August 15, 2011
   Google Scholar
• . Hovelius L, Augustini BG, Fredin H, Johansson O, Norlin R, Thorling J. Primary anterior dislocation of the shoulder in young patients. A ten-year prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78(11):1677–1684
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Townley CO. The capsular mechanism in recurrent dislocation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1950;32A(2):370–380
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Moseley HE, Overgaard B. The anterior capsular mechanism in recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg. 1962; 44B(4):913–927
   Google Scholar
• . Wuelker N, Korell M, Thren K. Dynamic glenohumeral joint stability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1998;7(1):43–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Turkel SJ, Panio MW, Marshall JL, Girgis FG. Stabilizing mechanisms preventing anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63(8):1208–1217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Andrews JR, Carson WG Jr, Ortega K. Arthroscopy of the shoulder: technique and normal anatomy. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12(1):1–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . O'Brien SJ, Neves MC, Arnoczky SP, . The anatomy and histology of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex of the shoulder. Am J Sports Med. 1990;18(5):449–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . O'Brien SJ, Schwartz RS, Warren RF, Torzilli PA. Capsular restraints to anterior-posterior motion of the abducted shoulder: a biomechanical study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1995;4(4):298–308
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Howell SM, Galinat BJ. The glenoid-labral socket. A constrained articular surface. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989(243):122–125
   Google Scholar
• . Rockwood CA Jr, Matsen FA 3rd, eds. The Shoulder. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co; 1998
   Google Scholar
• . Lippitt S, Matsen F. Mechanisms of glenohumeral joint stability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;(291):20–28
   Google Scholar
• . Flatow EL, Soslowsky LJ, Ateshian GA, . Shoulder joint anatomy and the effect of subluxations and size mismatch on patterns of glenohumeral contact. Orthop Trans. 1991;15:803
   Google Scholar
• . Warner J, Caborn D, Berger R. Dynamic capsuloligamentous anatomy of the glenohumeral joint. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1993;2:115–133
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Warner JJ, Deng XH, Warren RF, Torzilli PA. Static capsuloligamentous restraints to superior-inferior translation of the glenohumeral joint. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20(6):675–685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Warren RF, Craig EV, Altchek DW. The Unstable Shoulder. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1999
   Google Scholar
• . Gaskill TR, Braun S, Millett PJ. The rotator interval: pathology and management. Arthroscopy. 2011;27(4):556–567
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Warner JJ, Bowen MK, Deng X, Torzilli PA, Warren RF. Effect of joint compression on inferior stability of the glenohumeral joint. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1999;8(1):31–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Warner JJ, McMahon PJ. The role of the long head of the biceps brachii in superior stability of the glenohumeral joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77(3):366–372
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Giphart JE, Elser F, Dewing CB, Torry MR, Millett PJ. The long head biceps tendon has minimal effect on in vivo glenohumeral kinematics. A biplane fluoroscopy study. Am J Sports Med. In press
   Google Scholar
• . de Laat EA, Visser CP, Coene LN, Pahlplatz PV, Tavy DL. Nerve lesions in primary shoulder dislocations and humeral neck fractures. A prospective clinical and EMG study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994;76(3):381–383
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Perron AD, Ingerski MS, Brady WJ, Erling BF, Ullman EA. Acute complications associated with shoulder dislocation at an academic emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2003;24(2):141–145
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Taylor DC, Arciero RA. Pathologic changes associated with shoulder dislocations. Arthroscopic and physical examination findings in first-time, traumatic anterior dislocations. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25(3):306–311
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kim DS, Yoon YS, Yi CH. Prevalence comparison of accompanying lesions between primary and recurrent anterior dislocation in the shoulder. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(10):2071–2076
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Salomonsson B, von Heine A, Dahlborn M, . Bony Bankart is a positive predictive factor after primary shoulder dislocation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18(10):1425–1431
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Emond M, Le Sage N, Lavoie A, Rochette L. Clinical factors predicting fractures associated with an anterior shoulder dislocation. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11(8):853–858
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Emond M, Le Sage N, Lavoie A, Moore L. Refinement of the Quebec decision rule for radiography in shoulder dislocation. CJEM. 2009;11(1):36–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Burkhart SS, Debeer JF, Tehrany AM, Parten PM. Quantifying glenoid bone loss arthroscopically in shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 2002;18(5):488–491
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Summers A. Shoulder dislocation: reduction without sedation in the emergency department. Emerg Nurse. 2007;15(1):24–28
   Google Scholar
• . Hendey GW. Necessity of radiographs in the emergency department management of shoulder dislocations. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(2):108–113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hendey GW, Chally MK, Stewart VB. Selective radiography in 100 patients with suspected shoulder dislocation. J Emerg Med. 2006;31(1):23–28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Antonio GE, Griffith JF, Yu AB, Yung PS, Chan KM, Ahuja AT. Firsttime shoulder dislocation: High prevalence of labral injury and age-related differences revealed by MR arthrography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;26(4):983–991
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hawkins RJ, Bell RH, Hawkins RH, Koppert GJ. Anterior dislocation of the shoulder in the older patient. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986;(206):192–195
   Google Scholar
• . Safran MR. Nerve injury about the shoulder in athletes, part 1: supra-scapular nerve and axillary nerve. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(3):803–819
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Visser CP, Coene LN, Brand R, Tavy DL. The incidence of nerve injury in anterior dislocation of the shoulder and its influence on functional recovery. A prospective clinical and EMG study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999;81(4):679–685
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rockwood CA Jr. Fractures in Adults. Vol 1. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott Company; 1984
   Google Scholar
• . Blom S, Dahlbäck LO. Nerve injuries in dislocations of the shoulder joint and fractures of the neck of the humerus. A clinical and electromyographical study. Acta Chir Scand. 1970;136(6):461–466
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Safran MR. Nerve injury about the shoulder in athletes, part 2: long thoracic nerve, spinal accessory nerve, burners/stingers, thoracic outlet syndrome. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(4):1063–1076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hovelius L, Olofsson A, Sandstrom B, . Nonoperative treatment of primary anterior shoulder dislocation in patients forty years of age and younger. A prospective twenty-five-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(5):945–952
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kiviluoto O, Pasila M, Jaroma H, Sundholm A. Immobilization after primary dislocation of the shoulder. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980; 51(6):915–919
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Stayner LR, Cummings J, Andersen J, Jobe CM. Shoulder dislocations in patients older than 40 years of age. Orthop Clin North Am. 2000;31(2):231–239
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wang RY, Arciero RA, Mazzocca AD. The recognition and treatment of first-time shoulder dislocation in active individuals. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(2):118–123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . CostHelper. Dislocated shoulder cost. How much does a dislocated shoulder cost? http://www.costhelper.com/cost/health/shoulder-pain.html. Accessed January 26, 2011
   Google Scholar
• . Dudkiewicz I, Arzi H, Salai M, Heim M, Pritsch M. Patients education of a self-reduction technique for anterior glenohumeral dislocation of shoulder. J Trauma. 2010;68(3):620–623
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Dyck DD Jr, Porter NW, Dunbar BD. Legg reduction maneuver for patients with anterior shoulder dislocation. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2008;108(10):571–573
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Eachempati KK, Dua A, Malhotra R, Bhan S, Bera JR. The external rotation method for reduction of acute anterior dislocations and fracture-dislocations of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004; 86-A(11):2431–2434
   Google Scholar
• . Fernández-Valencia JA, Cuñe J, Casulleres JM, Carreño A, Prat S. The Spaso technique: a prospective study of 34 dislocations. Am J Emerg Med. 2009;27(4):466–469
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Garnavos C. Technical note: modifications and improvements of the Milch technique for the reduction of anterior dislocation of the shoulder without premedication. J Trauma. 1992;32(6):801–803
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Jain DK, Badge RV. Re: A stepped care approach to reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation in the prone position. Ahmed SMY Singh J, Nicol M. Surgeon, I December 5(6) 2007 363–67. Surgeon. 2009;7(1):64; author reply 64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kothari RU, Dronen SC. Prospective evaluation of the scapular manipulation technique in reducing anterior shoulder dislocations. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21(11):1349–1352
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Marinelli M, de Palma L. The external rotation method for reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocations. J Orthop Traumatol. 2009;10(1):17–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Russell JA, Holmes EM 3rd, Keller DJ, Vargas JH 3rd. Reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocations using the Milch technique: a study of ski injuries. J Trauma. 1981;21(9):802–804
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Schubert H. Reducing anterior shoulder dislocation. Easy is good. Can Fam Physician. 2002;48:469–472
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Stimson LA. An easy method of reducing dislocations of the shoulder and hip. Med Record. 1900;57:335–357
   Google Scholar
• . Ugras AA, Mahirogullari M, Kural C, Erturk AH, Cakmak S. Reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations by Spaso technique: clinical results. J Emerg Med. 2008;34(4):383–387
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Westin CD, Gill EA, Noyes ME, Hubbard M. Anterior shoulder dislocation. A simple and rapid method for reduction. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(3):369–371
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Yuen MC, Yap PG, Chan YT, Tung WK. An easy method to reduce anterior shoulder dislocation: the Spaso technique. Emerg Med J. 2001;18(5):370–372
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Leidelmeyer R. Reduced! A shoulder, subtly and painlessly. Emerg Med. 1977;9:233–234
   Google Scholar
• . Pensak M, Nho SJ, Alland J, Bach BR. Management of acute anterior shoulder instability in adolescents. Orthop Nurs. 2010;29(4):237–243
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Milch H. Treatment of dislocation of the shoulder. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1938;3:732–740
   Google Scholar
• . Ufberg JW, Vilke GM, Chan TC, Harrigan RA. Anterior shoulder dislocations: beyond traction-countertraction. J Emerg Med. 2004;27(3):301–306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lippert FG 3rd. A modification of the gravity method of reducing anterior shoulder dislocations. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982(165):259–260
   Google Scholar
• . Pick RY. Treatment of the dislocated shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977;(123):76–77
   Google Scholar
• . Bosley R, Miles J. Scapular manipulation for reduction of anterior inferior dislocations. A new procedure. Presented at the American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons. June 1979
   Google Scholar
• . Anderson D, Zvirbulis R, Ciullo J. Scapular manipulation for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982;(164):181–183
   Google Scholar
• . Baykal B, Sener S, Turkan H. Scapular manipulation technique for reduction of traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations: experiences of an academic emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2005;22(5):336–338
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Pishbin E, Bolvardi E, Ahmadi K. Scapular manipulation for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation without analgesia: results of a prospective study. Emerg Med Australas. 2011;23(1):54–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Paterson WH, Throckmorton TW, Koester M, Azar FM, Kuhn JE. Position and duration of immobilization after primary anterior shoulder dislocation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(18):2924–2933
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Itoi E, Hatakeyama Y, Kido T, . A new method of immobilization after traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder: a preliminary study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12(5):413–415
   PubMedGoogle Scholar