Topsin-M: the new benomyl for mycorrhizal-suppression experiments

LITERATURE CITED

• Allison VJ, Rajaniemi TK, Goldberg DE, Zak DR. 2007. Quantifying direct and indirect effects of fungicide on an old-field plant community: an experimental null-community approach. Plant Ecol 190:53–69.
   Google Scholar
• Bayman P, Gonzalez EJ, Fumero JJ, Tremblay RL. 2002. Are fungi necessary? How fungicides affect growth and survival of the orchid Lepanthes rupestris in the field. J Ecol 90:1002–1008.
   Google Scholar
• Bray SR, Kitajima K, Sylvia DM. 2003. Mycorrhizae differentially alter growth, physiology, and competitive ability of an invasive shrub. Ecol App 13:565–574.
   Google Scholar
• Brown VK, Leijn M, Stinson CSA. 1987. The experimental manipulation of insect herbivore load by the use of an insecticide (malathion)—the effect of application on plant-growth. Oecologia 72:377–381.
   Google Scholar
• Burke DJ, Hamerlynck EP, Hahn D. 2003. Interactions between the salt marsh grass Spartina patens, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and sediment bacteria during the growing season. Soil Biol Biochem 35:501–511.
   Google Scholar
• Carey PD, Fitter AH, Watkinson AR. 1992. A field study using the fungicide benomyl to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on plant fitness. Oecologia 90:550–555.
   Google Scholar
• Chen SK, Edwards CA. 2001. A microcosm approach to assess the effects of fungicides on soil ecological processes and plant growth: comparison of two soil types. Soil Biol Biochem 33:1981–1991.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———, Subler S. 2001. Effects of the fungicides benomyl, captan and chlorothalonil on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics in laboratory incubations. Soil Biol Biochem 33:1971–1980.
   Google Scholar
• Dhillion SS, Gardsjord TL. 2004. Arbuscular mycorrhizas influence plant diversity, productivity, and nutrients in boreal grasslands. Can J Bot 82:104–114.
   Google Scholar
• Fitter AH, Nichols R. 1988. The use of benomyl to control infection by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 110:201–206.
   Google Scholar
• Ganade G, Brown VK. 1997. Effects of below-ground insects, mycorrhizal fungi and soil fertility on the establishment of Vicia in grassland communities. Oecologia 109:374–381.
   Google Scholar
• Gange AC, Brown VK, Aplin DM. 2003. Multitrophic links between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and insect parasitoids. Ecol Lett 6:1051–1055.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Brown VK, Farmer LM. 1990. A test of mycorrhizal benefit in an early successional plant community. New Phytol 115:85–91.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia PC, Rivero RM, Ruiz JM, Romero L. 2003. The role of fungicides in the physiology of higher plants: implications for defense responses. Bot Rev 69:16–172.
   Google Scholar
• Graham JH, Eissenstat DM. 1998. Field evidence for the carbon cost of citrus mycorrhizas. New Phytol 140:103–110.
   Google Scholar
• Hartnett DC, Wilson GWT. 1999. Mycorrhizal mediation of plant species composition and diversity in tallgrass prairie. Ecology 80:122–130.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———. 2002. The role of mycorrhizas in plant community structure and dynamics: lessons from the grasslands. Plant Soil 244:319–331.
   Google Scholar
• Helgason T, Merryweather JW, Young JPW, Fitter AH. 2007. Specificity and resilience in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of a natural woodland community. J Ecol 95:623–630.
   Google Scholar
• Jonas JL, Wilson GWT, White PM Jr, Joern A. 2007. Consumption of mycorrhizal and saprophytic fungi by Collembola in grassland soils. Soil Biol Biochem 39: 2594–2602.
   Google Scholar
• Koske RE, Gemma JN. 1989. A modified procedure for staining roots to detect mycorrhizas. Mycol Res 92:486–488.
   Google Scholar
• McGonigle TP, Miller MH, Evans DG, Fairchild GL, Swan JA. 1990. A new method which gives an objective measure of colonization of roots by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 115:495–501.
   Google Scholar
• Michelsen A, Graglia E, Schmidt IK, Johasson S, Sleep D, Quarmby C. 1999. Differential responses of grass and a dwarf shrub to long-term changes in soil microbial biomass C, N and P following factorial addition of NPK fertilizer, fungicides and labile carbon to a heath. New Phytol 143:523–538.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor PJ, Smith SE, Smith EA. 2002. Arbuscular mycorrhizas influence plant diversity and community structure in a semiarid herbland. New Phytol 154:209–218.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill JJM, Mitchell DT. 2000. Effects of benomyl and captan on growth and mycorrhizal colonization of Sitka-spruce (Picea sitchensis) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Irish nursery soil. Forest Pathol 30:165–174.
   Google Scholar
• Paul ND, Aryes PG, Wyness LE. 1989. On the use of fungicides for experimentation in natural vegetation. Funct Ecol 3:759–769.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen CT, Sylvia DM. 1997. Limitations to using benomyl in evaluating mycorrhizal functioning. Biol Fertil Soil 25:163–168.
   Google Scholar
• Schenck NC, Perez Y. 1990. Manual for the identification of VA mycorrhizal fungi. 3rd ed. Gainesville, Florida: SynergisticPUBLICations, Univ Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Schweiger PF, Spliid NH, Jakobsen I. 2001. Fungicide application and phosphorus uptake by hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi into field-grown peas. Soil Biol Biochem 33:1231–1237.
   Google Scholar
• Smilauer P, Smilauerova M. 2000. Effect of AM symbiosis exclusion on grassland community composition. Folia Geobot 35:13–25.
   Google Scholar
• Smith MD, Hartnett DC, Rice CW. 2000. Effects of long-term fungicide application on microbial processes in tallgrass prairie soils. Soil Biol Biochem 32:935–946.
   Google Scholar
• Sukarno N, Smith SE, Scott ES. 1993. The effects of fungicides on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis 1. The effect on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth. New Phytol 125:139–147.
   Google Scholar
• Towne EG. 2002. Vascular plants of Konza Prairie Biological Station: an annotated checklist of species in a Kansas tallgrass prairie. Sida 20:269–294.
   Google Scholar
• West HM, Fitter AH, Watkinson AR. 1993. The influence of 3 biocides on the fungal associates of the roots of Vulpia ciliata ssp ambigua under natural conditions. J Ecol 81:345–350.
   Google Scholar
• Wetzel PR, van der Valk AG. 2005. The biomass and nutrient levels of Calamagrostis candensis and Carex stricta under different hydrologic and fungicide regimes. Can J Bot 83:24–130.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson GWT, Hartnett DC. 1997. Effects of mycorrhizas on plant growth and dynamics in experimental tallgrass prairie microcosms. Am J Bot 84:478–482.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———. 1998. Interspecific variation in plant responses to mycorrhizal colonization in prairie grasses and forbs. Am J Bot 85:1732–1738.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———, Smith MD, Kobbeman K. 2001. Effects of mycorrhizae on growth and demography of tallgrass prairie forbs. Am J Bot 88:1452–1457.
   Google Scholar