References

• ADAM, B (1982) Züchtung der Honigbiene. Delta-Verlag Sankt Augustin; Bonn, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• ADAMS, D C; OTÁROLA-CASTILLO, E (2013) Geomorph: an R package for the collection and analysis of geometric morphometric shape data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 4(4): 393–399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BADINO, G; CELEBRANO, G; MANINO, A; FRANCK, P (2004) Allozyme evidence of recent genetic shifts in honey bee populations of Italy. Journal of Apicultural Research 43(4): 147–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BADINO, G; CELEBRANO, G; MANINO, A; IFANTIDIS, M, D. (1988) Allozyme variability in Greek honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Apidologie 19(4): 377–386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19880405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAUDOUIN, L; LEBRUN, P (2000) An operational Bayesian approach for the identification of sexually reproduced cross-fertilized populations using molecular markers. International Symposium on Molecular Markers for Characterizing Genotypes and Identifying Cuttivars in Horticulture. Acta Horticutturae, 546: 81–93.
   Google Scholar
• BOOKSTEIN, F L (1996) Combining the tools of geometric morphometrics. NATO ASI Series; Tuscany, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• BOUGA, M; ALAUX, C; BIENKOWSKA, M; BÜCHLER, R; CARRECK, N L; CAUIA, E; CHLEBO, R; DAHLE, B; DALL'OLIO, R; DE LA RÚA, P (2011) A review of methods for discrimination of honey bee populations as applied to European beekeeping. Journal of Apicultural Research 50(1): 51–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.50.1.06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOUGA, M; HATJINA, F (2005) Genetic variability in Greek honey bee (A. mellifera L.) populations using geometric morphometric analyses. In Proceedings of The Balkan Scientific Conference of Biology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
   Google Scholar
• BOUGA, M; KILIAS, G; HARIZANIS, P C; PAPASOTIROPOULOS, V; ALAHIOTIS, S (2005) Allozyme variability and phylogenetic relationships in honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apis mellifera) populations from Greece and Cyprus. Biochemical Genetics 43(9–10): 471–483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10528-005-8163-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOYER, S H (1961) Alkaline phosphatase in human sera and placentae—starch gel electrophoresis reveals many phosphatase components including a polymorphism in placentae. Science 134(348): 1002–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.134.3484.1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BÜCHLER, R; COSTA, C; HATJINA, F; ANDONOV, S; MEIXNER, M D; LE CONTE, Y; UZUNOV, A; BERG, S; BIENKOWSKA, M; BOUGA, M; DRAZIC, M; DYRBA, W; KRYGER, P; PANASIUK, B; PECHHACKER, H; PETROV, P; KEZIC, N; KORPELA, S; WILDE, J (2014) The influence of genetic origin and its interaction with environmental effects on the survival of Apis mellifera L. colonies in Europe. Journal of Apicultural Research 53(2): 205–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHÁVEZ-GALARZA, J; HENRIQUES, D; JOHNSTON, J S; AZEVEDO, J C; PATTON, J C; MUÑOZ, I; DE LA RÚA, P; PINTO, M A (2013) Signatures of selection in the Iberian honey bee (Apis mellifera iberiensis) revealed by a genome scan analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Molecular Ecology 22(23): 5890–5907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CORNUET, J (1986) Population genetics. In T E RINDERER (Ed.) Bee genetics and breeding. Academic Press; Orlando, FL, USA.
   Google Scholar
• CORNUET, J. M.; FRESNAYE, J; BLANC, J; PARIS, R (1979) Production de miel chez des hybrides interraciaux d'abeilles (Apis mellifera L.) lors de générations successives de rétrocroisement sur la race locale. Apidologie 10(1): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19790101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COSTA, C; BERG, S; BIENKOWSKA, M; BOUGA, M; BUBALO, D; BÜCHLER, R; CHARISTOS, L; LE CONTE, Y; DRAZIC, M; DYRBA, W; FILLIPI, J; HATJINA, F; IVANOVA, E; KEZIC, N; KIPRIJANOVSKA, H; KOKINIS, M; KORPELA, S; KRYGER, P; LODESANI, M; MEIXNER, M; PANASIUK, B; PECHHACKER, H; PETROV, P; OLIVERI, E; RUOTTINEN, L; UZUNOV, A; VACCARI, G; WILDE, J (2012a) A Europe-wide experiment for assessing the impact of genotype-environment interactions on the vitality of honey bee colonies: methodology. Journal of Apicultural Science 56: 147–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10289-012-0015-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COSTA, C; LODESANI, M; BIENEFELD, K (2012b) Differences in colony phenotypes across different origins and locations: evidence for genotype by environment interactions in the Italian honey bee (Apis mellifera figustica)? Apidologie 43(6): 634–642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13592-012-0138-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DALL'OLIO, R; MUÑOZ, I; DE LA RÚA, P; LODESANI, M (2008) Estimating introgression in Apis mellifera siciliana populations: are the conservation islands really effective? In Proceedings of Eur Bee: The 3rd European Conference of Apidology, Belfast, Ireland, 7–11 September 2008.
   Google Scholar
• DALL'OLIO, R; MARINO, A; LODESANI, M; MORITZ, R F (2007) Genetic characterization of Italian honey bees, Apis mellifera ligustica, based on microsatellite DNA polymorphisms. Apidologie 38(2): 207–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2006073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DALY, H V (1985) Insect morphometrics. Annual Review of Entomology 30: 415–438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.30.1.415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAVIS, B J (1964) Disc electrophoresis.2. Method and application to human serum proteins. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 121(A2): 404–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749–6632.1964.tb14213.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE LA RÚA, P; JAFFÉ, R; DALL'OLIO, R; MUÑOZ, I; SERRANO, J (2009) Biodiversity, conservation and current threats to European honey bees. Apidologie 40(3): 263–284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE LA RÚA, P; JAFFÉ, R; MUÑOZ, I; SERRANO, J; MORITZ, R F; KRAUS, F B (2013) Conserving genetic diversity in the honey bee: Comments on Harpur et al. (2012). Molecular Ecology 22(12): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DRYDEN, I L (2013) Shapes: statistical shape analysis. R package version 1.1-8 [Online]. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=shapes
   Google Scholar
• ESTOUP, A; GARNERY, L; SOLIGNAC, M; CORNUET, J M (1995) Microsatellite variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations—hierarchical genetic structure and test of the infinite allele and stepwise mutation models. Genetics 140(2): 679–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESTOUP, A; SOLIGNAC, M; CORNUET, J-M (1994) Precise assessment of the number of patrilines and of genetic relatedness in honey bee colonies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B258 (1351): 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• ESTOUP, A; SOLIGNAC, M; HARRY, M; CORNUET, J-M (1993) Characterization of (Gt)n and (Ct)n microsatellites in 2 insect species - Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris. Nucleic Acids Research 21(6): 1427–1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/2L6.1427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRANCK, P; GARNERY, L; CELEBRANO, G; SOLIGNAC, M; CORNUET, J-M (2000) Hybrid origins of honey bees from Italy (Apis mellifera ligustica) and Sicily (A. m. sicula). Molecular Ecology 9(7): 907–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00945.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRANCK, P; GARNERY, L; LOISEAU, A; OLDROYD, B P; HEPBURN, H R; SOLIGNAC, M; CORNUET, J M (2001) Genetic diversity of the honey bee in Africa: microsatellite and mitochondrial data. Heredity 86: 420–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365–2540.2001.00842.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRANCOY, T; WITTMANN, D; STEINHAGE, V; DRAUSCHKE, M; MÜLLER, S; CUNHA, D; NASCIMENTO, A; FIGUEIREDO, V; SIMÓES, Z; DE JONG, D (2009) Morphometric and genetic changes in a population of Apis mellifera after 34 years of Africanization. Genetic Molecular Research 8(2): 709–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRANCOY, T M; WITTMANN, D; DRAUSCHKE, M; MULLER, S; STEINHAGE, V; BEZERRA-LAURE, M A F; DE JONG, D; GONCALVES, L S (2008) Identification of Africanized honey bees through wing morphometrics: two fast and efficient procedures. Apidologie 39(5): 488-U10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2008028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAHNE, B (1967) Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum, seminal plasma and tissues of cattle. Hereditas 57(1–2): 100–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GARNERY, L; FRANCK, P; BAUDRY, E; VAUTRIN, D; CORNUET, J M; SOLIGNAC, M (1998) Genetic diversity of the west European honey bee (Apis mellifera mellifera and A. m. iberica). II. Microsatellite loci. Genetics Selection Evolution 30: S49–S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/gse:19980703
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GERULA, D; TOFILSKI, A; WĘGRZYNOWICZ, P; SKOWRONEK, W (2009) Computer-assisted discrimination of honey bee subspecies used for breeding in Poland. Journal of Apicultural Science 53(2): 105–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMMER, Ø; HARPER, D A; RYAN, P D (2001) PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Elettronica 4(1): 9.
   Google Scholar
• HARPUR, B A; MINAEI, S; KENT, C F; ZAYED, A (2012) Management increases genetic diversity of honey bees via admixture. Molecular Ecology 21(18): 4414–4421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05614.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARPUR, B A; MINAEI, S; KENT, C F; ZAYED, A (2013) Admixture increases diversity in managed honey bees: Reply to De la Rúa et al. (2013). Molecular Ecology 22(12). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARRIS, H; HOPKINSON, D A (1976) Handbook of enzyme electrophoresis in human genetics. North-Holland Publishing company; Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• IVANOVA, E N; BIENKOWSKA, M; PETROV, P P (2011) Allozyme polymorphism and phylogenetic relationships in Apis mellifera subspecies selectively reared in Poland and Bulgaria. Folia Biologica-Krakow 59(3–4): 121–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/fb59_3–4.121-126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IVANOVA, E N; STAYLKOVA, T A; BOUGA, M (2007) Allozyme variability in honey bee populations from some mountainous regions in the southwest of Bulgaria. Journal of Apicultural Research 46(1): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.46.1.02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOMBART, T (2008) Adegenet: a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers. Bioinformatics 24(11): 1403–1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btn129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KANDEMIR, İ; KENCE, M; KENCE, A (2000) Genetic and morphometric variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations of Turkey. Apidologie 31(3): 343–356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2000126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KANDEMIR, İ; KENCE, M; KENCE, A (2005) Morphometric and electrophoretic variation in different honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 29(3): 885–890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KANDEMIR, İ; ÓZKAN, A; FUCHS, S (2011) Reevaluation of honey bee (Apis mellifera) microtaxonomy: a geometric morphometric approach. Apidologie 42(5): 618–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13592-011-0063-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLINGENBERG, C P (2011) MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Molecular Ecology Resources 11(2): 353–357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755–0998.2010.02924.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAIDLAW, H H; PAGE, R E (1997) Queen rearing and bee breeding. Wicwas Press; Cheshire, CT, USA.
   Google Scholar
• LE CONTE, Y; DE VAUBLANC, G; CRAUSER, D; JEANNE, F; ROUSSELLE, J C; BECARD, J M (2007) Honey bee colonies that have survived Varroa destructor. Apidologie 38(6): 566–572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2007040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEIXNER, M (1994) Analyse polymorpher subspezies von Apis mellifera L.: Morphometrische und molekulare untersuchungen an den europäischen rassen Apis mellifera carnica und ligustica und den afrikanischen rassen Apis mellifera monticola und scutellata. PhD thesis, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• MEIXNER, M D; PINTO, M A; BOUGA, M; KRYGER, P; IVANOVA, E; FUCHS, S (2013) Standard methods for characterising subspecies and ecotypes of Apis mellifera. In V Dietemann; J D Ellis; P Neumann (Eds) The COLOSS BEEBOOK, Volume I: standard methods for Apis mellifera research. Journal of Apicultural Research 52(4): http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.4.05
   Google Scholar
• MEIXNER, M D; COSTA, C; KRYGER, P; HATJINA, F; BOUGA, M; IVANOVA, E; BÜCHLER, R (2010) Conserving diversity and vitality for honey bee breeding. Journal of Apicultural Research 49(1): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/Ibra.1.49.1.12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEIXNER, M D; WOROBIK, M; WILDE, J; FUCHS, S; KOENIGER, N (2007) Apis mellifera mellifera in eastern Europe—morphometric variation and determination of its range limits. Apidologie 38(2): 191–197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2006068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MESSIER, W; LI, S H; STEWART, C B (1996) The birth of microsatellites. Nature 381(6582): 483–483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/381483a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MESTRINER, M (1969) Biochemical polymorphisms in bees (Apis mellifera ligustica). Nature 223: 188–189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/223188a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIGUEL, I; BAYLAC, M; IRIONDO, M; MANZANO, C; GARNERY, L; ESTONBA, A (2010) Both geometric morphometric and microsatellite data consistently support the differentiation of the Apis mellifera M evolutionary branch. Apidologie 42(2): 150–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido/2010048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORITZ, R F A (1991) Limitations of biometric control on pure race breeding in Apis mellifera. Journal of Apicultural Research 30(2): 54–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUÑOZ, I; DALL'OLIO, R; LODESANI, M; DE LA RUA, P (2009) Population genetic structure of coastal Croatian honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica). Apidologie 40(6): 617–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEDIĆ, N; FRANCIS, R M; STANISAVLJEVIĆ, L; PIHLER, I; KEZIĆ, N; BENDIXEN, C; KRYGER, P (2014) Detecting population admixture in the honey bees of Serbia. Journal of Apicultural Research 53(2): 303–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEDIĆ, N; STANISAVLJEVIĆ, L J; MLADENOVIĆ, M; STANISAVLJEVIĆ, J (2009) Molecular characterization of the honey bee Apis mellifera carnica in Serbia. Archives of Biological Science 61(4): 587–598. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0904587n
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEI, M (1972) Genetic distance between populations. American Naturalist 106(949): 283–292. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2459777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEUMANN, P; CARRECK, N L (2010) Honey bee colony losses. Journal of Apicultural Research 49(1): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OLEKSA, A; CHYBICKI, I; TOFILSKI, A; BURCZYK, J (2011) Nuclear and mitochondrial patterns of introgression into native dark bees (Apis mellifera mellifera) in Poland. Journal of Apicultural Research 50(2): http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.50.203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OLEKSA, A; WILDE, J; TOFILSKI, A; CHYBICKI, I J (2013) Partial reproductive isolation between European subspecies of honey bees. Apidologie 44(5): 611–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13592-013-0212-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAMILO, P; CROZIER, R (1981) Genic variation in male haploids under deterministic election. Genetics 98(1): 199–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEAKALL, R; SMOUSE, P E (2012) GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research—an update. Bioinformatics 28(19): 2537–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PINTO, M A; HENRIQUES, D; CHÁVEZ-GALARZA, J; KRYGER, P; GARNERY, L; VAN DER ZEE, R; DAHLE, B; SOLAND-RECKEWEG, G; DE LA RÚA, P; DALL' OLIO, R; CARRECK, N L; JOHNSTON, J S (2014) Genetic integrity of the Dark European honey bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) from protected populations: a genome-wide assessment using SNPs and mtDNA sequence data. Journal of Apicultural Research 53(2): 269–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.L53.208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PINTO, M A; MUÑOZ, I; NETO, M; GUEDES, H; CHAVEZ-GALARZA, J; SOUZA, L; PIRES, S; DE LA RÚA, P (2011) Patterns of genetic variation of Apis mellifera iberiensis. insights from the populations inhabiting the Atlantic side of the Iberian Peninsula. In Proceedings of 42nd International Apicultural Congress Apimondia Buenos Aires, Argentina, 21–25th September 2011.
   Google Scholar
• PIRY, S; ALAPETITE, A; CORNUET, J-M; PAETKAU, D; BAUDOUIN, L; ESTOUP, A (2004) GENECLASS 2: a software for genetic assignment and first-generation migrant detection. Journal of Heredity 95(6): 536–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esh074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRAKASH, S; LEWONTIN, R C; HUBBY, J L (1969) A molecular approach to the study of genic heterozygosity in natural populations. IV. Patterns of genic variation in central, marginal and isolated populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 61(4): 841–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRITCHARD, J K; STEPHENS, M; DONNELLY, P (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155 (2): 945–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM (2013) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing [Online]. Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• RADLOFF, S E; HEPBURN, R; BANGAY, L J (2003) Quantitative analysis of intracolonial and intercolonial morphometric variance in honey bees, Apis mellifera and Apis cerana. Apidologie 34(4): 339–352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2003034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RANNALA, B; MOUNTAIN, J L (1997) Detecting immigration by using multilocus genotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94(17): 9197–9201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.17.9197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RATTANAWANNEE, A; CHANCHAO, C; WONGSIRI, S (2010) Gender and species identification of four native honey bees (Apidae: Apis) in Thailand based on wing morphometic analysis. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 103(6): 965–970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/AN10070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROHLF, F (2006) tpsDig, version 2.10. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, USA.
   Google Scholar
• ROHLF, F J; SLICE, D (1990) Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks. Systematic Zoology 39 (1): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2992207
   Google Scholar
• ROUSSET, F (2008) GENEPOP ' 007: a complete re-implementation of the GENEPOP software for Windows and Linux. Molecular Ecology Resources 8(1): 103–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471–8286.2007.01931.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUTTNER, F (1988) Biogeography and taxonomy of honey bees. Springer-Verlag; Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• SHAW, C R; PRASAD, R (1970) Starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes—a compilation of recipes. Biochemical Genetics 4(2): 297–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/Bf00485780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHEPPARD, W S; BERLOCHER, S H (1989) Allozyme variation and differentiation among four Apis species. Apidologie 20(5): 419–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19890507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHEPPARD, W S; MCPHERON, B A (1986) Genetic variation in honey bees from an area of racial hybridization in western Czechoslovakia. Apidologie 17(1): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19860103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SINACORI, A; RINDERER, T E; LANCASTER, V; SHEPPARD, W S (1998) A morphological and mitochondrial assessment of Apis mellifera from Palermo, Italy. Apidologie 29(6): 481–490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19980601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOLAND-RECKEWEG, G; HECKEL, G; NEUMANN, P; FLURI, P; EXCOFFIER, L (2009) Gene flow in admixed populations and implications for the conservation of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. Journal of Insect Conservation 13(3): 317–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-008-9175-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOLIGNAC, M; VAUTRIN, D; LOISEAU, A; MOUGEL, F; BAUDRY, E; ESTOUP, A; GARNERY, L; HABERL, M; CORNUET, J M (2003) Five hundred and fifty microsatellite markers for the study of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) genome. Molecular Ecology Notes 3(2): 307–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471–8286.2003.00436.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUŠNIK, S; KOZMUS, P; POKLUKAR, J; MEGLIC, V (2004) Molecular characterisation of indigenous Apis mellifera carnica in Slovenia. Apidologie 35(6): 623–636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2004061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAUTZ, D; RENZ, M (1984) Simple sequences are ubiquitous repetitive components of eukaryotic genomes. Nucleic Acids Research 12(10): 4127–4138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/12.10.4127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THIOULOUSE, J; DRAY, S (2007) Interactive multivariate data analysis in R with the ade4 and ade4TkGUI packages. Journal of Statistical Software, 22(5): 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOFILSKI, A (2008) Using geometric morphometrics and standard morphometry to discriminate three honey bee subspecies. Apidologie 39(5): 558–U32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2008037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UZUNOV, A; COSTA, C; PANASIUK, B; MEIXNER, M D; KRYGER, P; HATJINA, F; BOUGA, M; ANDONOV, S; BIENKOWSKA, M; LE CONTE, Y; WILDE, J; GERULA, D; KIPRIJANOVSKA, H; FILIPI, J; PETROV, P; RUOTTINEN, L; PECHHACKER, H; BERG, S; DYRBA, W; IVANOVA, E; BÜCHLER, R (2014a) Swarming, defensive and hygienic behaviour in honey bee colonies of different genetic origin in a pan-European experiment. Journal of Apicultural Research 53(2): 248–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UZUNOV, A; KIPRIJANOVSKA, H; ANDONOV, S; NAUMOVSKI, M; GREGORC, A (2009) Morphological diversity and racial determination of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) population in the Republic of Macedonia. Journal of Apicultural Research 48(3): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.48.3.08
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VANENGELSDORP, D; MEIXNER, M D (2010) A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors that may affect them. Journal of Invertbrate Pathology 103: S80–S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar