References

• BERG, S, BÜCHLER; R, KEZIC, N; PECHHACKER, H; RITTER, W; SLIMANOVIC, D; BIENEFELD, K; VAN PRAAGH, J; BUBALO, D (2001) Island project in Croatia: test of European honey beestrains forvarroa tolerance. Apidologie 32: 484–486.
   Google Scholar
• BIENEFELD, K; PIRCHNER, F (1991) Genetic correlations among several colony characters in the honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) taking queen and worker effects into account. Annals of Entomoogcal Society of America 84: 324–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIENEFELD, K; EHRHARDT, K; REINHARTD, F (2007) Genetic evaluation in the honey bee considering queen and worker effects—a BLUP model approach. Apidologie 38: 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2006050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOUGA, M; ALAUX, C; BIENKOWSKA, M; BÜCHLER, R; CARRECK, N L; CAUIA, E; CHLEBO, R; DAHLE, B; DALL'OLIO, R; DE LA RÚA, P (2011) A review of methods for discrimination of honey bee populations as applied to European beekeeping. Journal of Apicultural Research 50(1): 51–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.50.1.06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BÜCHLER, R; MEIXNER, M (2008) Healthier colonies due to brood withdrawal. In Proceedings of 3rd European Conference of Apidology, Belfast, UK, 8–11 September 2008. p. 73.
   Google Scholar
• BÜCHLER, R; BERG, S; KEZIC, N; PECHHACKER, H; VAN PRAAGH, J; BUBALO, D; RITTER, W; BIENEFELD, K (2002) Survival test without treatment against varroatosis—the island project in Croatia. Apidologie 33: 493–494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2002032
   Google Scholar
• COSTA, C; LODESANI, M; BIENEFELD, K (2012a) Differences in colony phenotypes across different origins and locations: evidence for genotype by environment interactions in the Italian honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica). Apidologie 43(6): 634–642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13592-012-0138-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COSTA, C; BERG, S; BIENKOWSKA, M; BOUGA, M; BUBALO, D; BÜCHLER, R; CHARISTOS, L; LE CONTE, Y; DRAZIC, M; DYRBA, W; FILLIPI, J; HATJINA, F; IVANOVA, E; KEZIC, N; KIPRIJANOVSKA, H; KOKINIS, M; KORPELA, S; KRYGER, P; LODESANI, M; MEIXNER, M; PANASIUK, B; PECHHACKER, H; PETROV, P; OLIVERI, E; RUOTTINEN, L; UZUNOV, A; VACCARI, G; WILDE, J (2012) A Europe-wide experiment for assessing the impact of genotype-environment interactions on the vitality of honey bee colonies: methodology. Journal of Apicultural Science 56: 147–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10289-012-0015-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAUZAT, M-P; CARPENTIER, P; MARTEL, A C; BOUGEARD, S; COUGOULE, N; PORTA, P; LACHAIZE, J; MADEC, F; AUBERT, M; FAUCON, J-P (2009) Influence of pesticide residues on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony health in France. Environmental Entomology 38: 514–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/022.038.0302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COX, D R (1972) Regression models and life tables. Biometrics 38: 67–77.
   Google Scholar
• COX-FOSTER, D L; CONLAN, S; HOLMES, E C; PALACIOS, G; EVANS, J D; MORAN, N A; QUAN, P L; BRIESE, T; HORNIG, M;, GEISER, D M; MARTINSON, V; VANENGELSDORP, D; KALKSTEIN, A L; DRYSDALE, A; HUI, J; ZHAI, J; CUI, L; HUTCHINSON, S K; SIMONS, J F; EGOLM, M; PETTIS, J S; LIPKIN, W I (2007) A metagenomic survey of microbes in honey bee Colony Collapse Disorder. Science 318: 283–287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1146498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE GUZMAN, L I; RINDERER, T E; DELATTE, G T; MACCHIAVELLI, R E (1996) Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans tolerance in selected stocks of Apis mellifera. Apidologie 27: 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19960402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE LA RÚA, P; JAFFE, R; DALL'OLIO, R; MUÑOZ, I; SERRANO, J (2009) Biodiversity, conservation and current threats to European honey bees. Apidologie 40: 263–284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE MIRANDA, J R; GENERSCH, E (2010) Deformed wing virus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103: 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/jjip2009.06.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE MIRANDA, J R; CORDONI, G; BUDGE, G (2010) The acute bee paralysis virus-Kashmir bee virus-Israeli acute paralysis virus complex. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103: 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/jjip2009.06.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DESNEUX, N; DECOURTYE, A; DELPUECH, J M (2007) The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 52: 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EU Parliament (2011) Report on honey bee health and the challenges of the beekeeping sector. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2011-0359&language=EN http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/liveanimals/bees/docs/honeybee_health_communication_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• EFSA (2008) Bee mortality and bee surveillance in Europe. The Efsa Journal 154: 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2008.154r
   Google Scholar
• FALCONER, D S; MACKAY, T F C (1996) Introduction to quantitative genetics (4th Ed.). Longmans Green; Harlow, Essex, UK.
   Google Scholar
• FRANCIS, R M; KRYGER, P; MEIXNER, M; BOUGA, M; IVANOVA, E; ANDONOV, S; BERG, S; BIENKOWSKA, M; BÜCHLER, R; CHARISTOS, L; COSTA, C; DYRBA, W; HATJINA; F; PANASIUK, B; PECHHACKER, H; KEZIĆ, N; KORPELA, S; LE CONTE, Y; UZUNOV, A; WILDE, J (2014b) The genetic origin of honey bee colonies used in the Genotype-Environment-Interactions experiment: a comparison of methods. Journal of Apicultural Research 53(2): 188–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRAZIER, M; MULLIN, C; FRAZIER, J; ASHCRAFT, S (2008) What have pesticides got to do with it? American Bee Journal 148: 521–523.
   Google Scholar
• FRIES, I; IMDORF, A; ROSENKRANZ, P (2006) Survival of mite infested (Varroa destructor) honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in a Nordic climate. Apidologie 37(5): 564–570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2006031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRIES, I; HANSEN, H; IMDORF, A; ROSENKRANZ, P (2003) Swarming in honey bees (Apis mellifera) and varroa mite (Varroa destructor) population development in Sweden. Apidologie 34: 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2003032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRY, J D (1993) The “general vigour” problem: can antagonistic pleiotropy be detected when genetic covariances are positive? Evolution 47: 327–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRY, J D (1996) The evolution of host specialization: are trade-offs overrated? The American Naturalist 148: 84–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FUTUYMA, D J; MORENO, G (1988) The evolution of ecological specialization. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19: 207–233.
   Google Scholar
• GILLESPIE, J H; TURELLI, M (1989) Genotype-environment interactions and the maintenance of polygenic variation. Genetics 121: 129–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMMAMI, H; REKIK, B; GENGLER, N (2009) Genotype by environment interaction in dairy cattle. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 13(1): 155–164. http://popups.ulg.ac.be/Base/document.php?id=3778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HATJINA, F; COSTA, C; BÜCHLER, R; UZUNOV, A; DRAZIC, M; FILIPI, J; CHARISTOS, L; RUOTTINEN, L; ANDONOV, S; MEIXNER, M D; BIENKOWSKA, M; DARIUSZ, G; PANASIUK, B; LE CONTE, Y; WILDE, J; BERG, S; BOUGA, M; DYRBA, W; KIPRIJANOVSKA, H; KORPELA, S; KRYGER, P; LODESANI, M; PECHHACKER, M; PETROV, P; KEZIC, N (2014) Population dynamics of European honey bee genotypes under different environmental conditions. Journal of Apicultural Research, 53(2): 233–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIGES, M, MARTÍN, R, MEANA, A (2006) Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honey bees in Europe. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92: 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2006.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAENIKE, J; HOLT, R D (1991) Genetic variation for habitat preference: evidence and explanations. American Naturalist 137: 67–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOHNSON, R M; POLLOCK, H S; BERENBAUM, M R (2009) Synergistic interactions between in-hive miticides in Apis mellifera, Journalof Economic Entomology 102: 474–479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES, J C; MYERSCOUGH, M R; GRAHAM, S; OLDROYD, B P (2004) Honey bee nest thermoregulation: Diversity promotes stability. Science 305: 402–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1096340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAWECKI, T J; EBERT, D (2004), Conceptual issues in local adaptation. Ecology Letters 7: 1225–1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461–0248.2004.00684.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KEFUSS, J; VANPOUCKE, J; DE LAHITTE, J D; RITTER, W (2004) Varroa tolerance in France of intermissa bees from Tunisia and their naturally mated descendants: 1993–2004. American Bee Journal 144: 563–568.
   Google Scholar
• LAZZARO, B P; FLORES, H A; LORIGAN, J G; YOURTH, C P (2008) Genotype-by-environment interactions and adaptation to local temperature affect immunity and fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Pathogens 4(3): e1000025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LE CONTE, Y; DE VAUBLANC, G; CRAUSER, D; JEANNE, F; ROUSSELLE, J C; BECARD, J M (2007) Honey bee colonies that have survived Varroa destructor. Apidologie 38(6): 566–572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2007040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LE CONTE, Y; NAVAJAS, M (2008) Climate change: impact on honey bee populations and disease. In Climate change: impact on the epidemiology and control of animal diseases. Revue Scientifique et Technique International Office of Epizootics 27(2): 499–510.
   Google Scholar
• LOUVEAUX, J; ALBISETTI, M; DELANGUE, M; THEURKAUFF, M (1966) Les modalités de l'adaptation des abeilles (Apis mellffica L.) au milieu naturel. Annales de l'Abeille 9(4): 323–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19660402
   Google Scholar
• MATTILA, H R; SEELEY, T D (2007) Genetic diversity in honey bee colonies enhances productivity and fitness. Science 317: 362–364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1143046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCLEAN, G E; JOHANSSON, B; BERG, S, (1997) Substantial genetic influence on cognitive abilities in twins 80+ years old. Science 276: 1560–1563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEIXNER, M D; COSTA, C; KRYGER, P; HATJINA, F; BOUGA, M; IVANOVA, E; BÜCHLER, R (2010) Conserving diversity and vitality for honey bee breeding. Journal of Apicultural Research 49(1): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEIXNER, M D; FRANCIS, R M; GAJDA, A; KRYGER, P; ANDONOV, S; UZUNOV, A; TOPOLSKA, G; COSTA, C; AMIRI, E; BERG, S; BIENKOWSKA, M; BOUGA, M; BÜCHLER, R; DYRBA, W; GURGULOVA, K; HATJINA, F; IVANOVA, E; JANES, M; KEZIĆ, N; KORPELA, S; LE CONTE, Y; PANASIUK, B; PECHHACKER, H; TSOKTOURIDIS, G; VACCARI, G; WILDE, J (2014) Occurrence of parasites and pathogens in honey bee colonies used in a European genotype—environment—interactions experiment. Journal of Apicultural Research 53(2): 215–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.04
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORITZ, R F A; HÄRTEL, S; NEUMANN, P (2005) Global invasions of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera) and the consequences for biodiversity. Ecoscience 12: 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2980/i1195-6860-12-3-289.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MULDER, H A; BIJMA, P (2006) Benefits of cooperation between breeding programs in the presence of Genotype by Environment interaction. Journal of Dairy Science 89(50): 1727–1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72241-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUTINELLI, F; COSTA, C; LODESANI, M; BAGGIO, A; MEDRZYCKI, P; FORMATO, G; PORRINI, C (2010) Honey bee colony losses in Italy. Journal of Apicultural Research 49(1): 119–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEUMANN, P; CARRECK, N L (2010). Honey bee colony losses. Journal of Apicultural Research 49(1): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RANDI, E (2008) Detecting hybridization between wild species and their domesticated relatives. Molecular Ecology 17: 285–293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03417.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROSENKRANZ, P; AUMEIER, P; ZIEGELMANN, B (2010) Biology and control of Varroa destructor. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103: 96–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/j.jip.2009.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUTTNER, F (1988) Biogeography and taxonomy of honey bees. Springer-Verlag; Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• SPLEEN, A M; LENGERICH, E J; RENNICH, K; CARON, D; ROSE, R; PETTIS, J S; HENSON, M; WILKES, J T; WILSON, M; STITZINGER, J; LEE, K; ANDREE, M; SNYDER, R; VANENGELSDORP, D (2013) A national survey of managed honey bee 2011–12 winter colony losses in the United States: results from the Bee Informed Partnership. Journal of Apicultural Research 52(2): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEINHAUER, N A; RENNICH, K; WILSON, M E; CARON, D M; LENGERICH, E J; PETTIS, J S; ROSE, R; SKINNER, J A; TARPY, D R; WILKES, J T; VANENGELSDORP, D (2014) A national survey of managed honey bee 2012–2013 annual colony losses in the USA: results from the Bee Informed Partnership. Journal of Apicultural Research 53(1): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.1.01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TARPY, D R (2003) Genetic diversity within honey bee colonies prevents severe infections and promotes colony growth. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B270: 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2199
   Google Scholar
• TOWER, J (1996) Aging mechanisms in fruit flies. Bioessays 18: 799–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UZUNOV, A; COSTA, C; PANASIUK, B; MEIXNER, M D; KRYGER, P; HATJINA, F; BOUGA, M; ANDONOV, S; BIENKOWSKA, M; LE CONTE, Y; WILDE, J; GERULA, D; KIPRIJANOVSKA, H; FILIPI, J; PETROV, P; RUOTTINEN, L; PECHHACKER, H; BERG, S; DYRBA, W; IVANOVA, E; BÜCHLER, R (2014a) Study of some behavioural traits in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) of different genetic origin in a pan-European experiment. Journal of Apicultural Research 53(2): 248–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VIEIRA, C E G; PASYUKOVA, Z B; ZENG, J B; HACKETT, R F; LYMAN ET AL. (2000) Genotype-environment interaction for quantitative trait loci affecting life span in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 154: 213–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHITFIELD, C W; BEHURA, S K; BERLOCHER, S H; CLARK, A G; JOHNSTON, J S; SHEPPARD, W S; SMITH, D R; SUAREZ, A V; WEAVER, D; TSUTSUI, N D (2006): Thrice out of Africa: Ancient and recent expansions of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Science 314(5799)642–645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1132772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN DER ZEE, R; BRODSCHNEIDER, R; BRUSBARDIS, V; CHARRIÈRE, J-D; CHLEBO, R; COFFEY, M F; DAHLE, B; DRAZIC, M M; KAUKO, L; KRETAVICIUS, J; KRISTIANSEN, P; MUTINELLI, F; OTTEN, C; PETERSON, M; RAUDMETS, A; SANTRAC, V; SEPPÄLÄ, A; SOROKER, V; TOPOLSKA, G; VEJSNÆS, F; GRAY, A (2014) Results of international standardised beekeeper surveys of colony losses for winter 2012–2013: analysis of winter loss rates and mixed effects modelling of risk factors for winter loss. Journal of Apicultural Research 53(1): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.1.02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN DER ZEE, R; PISA, L; ANDONOV, S; BRODSCHNEIDER, R; CHARRIÈRE, J D; CHLEBO, R; COFFEY, M F; CRAILSHEIM, K; DAHLE, B; GAJDA, A; GRAY, A; DRAZIC, M M; HIGES, M; KAUKO, L; KENCE, A; KENCE, M; KEZIC, N; KIPRIJANOVSKA, H; KRALJ, J; KRISTIANSEN, P; HERNANDEZ, R M; MUTINELLI, F; NGUYEN, B CHARRIÈRE, J D; CHLEBO, R; COFFEY, M F; CRAILSHEIM, K; DAHLE, B; GAJDA, A; GRAY, A; DRAZIC, M M; HIGES, M; KAUKO, B.K; OTTEN, C; ÓZKIRIM, A; PERNAL, S F; PETERSON, M; RAMSAY, G; SANTRAC, V; SOROKER, V; TOPOLSKA, G; UZUNOV, A; VEJSNÆS, F; WEI, S; WILKINS, S (2012) Managed honey bee colony losses in Canada, China, Europe, Israel and Turkey, for the winters of 2008–9 and 2009–10. Journal of Apicultural Research 51 (1): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.51.1.12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN ENGELSDORP, D; MEIXNER, M D (2010) A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors that may affect them. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103: 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN ENGELSDORP, D; EVANS, J D; SAEGERMAN, C; MULLIN, C; HAUBRUGE, E; NGUYEN, B K; FRAZIER, M; FRAZIER, J; COX FOSTER, D; CHEN, Y; UNDERWOOD, R; TARPY, D R; PETTIS, J S (2009). Colony Collapse Disorder: A descriptive study. PloS ONE 4: e6481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar