References

• Alberti, A., Bolognini, L., Macciantelli, D., Carratelli, M., 1999. The radical caption of N,N–diethylpara-phenylenediamine: a possible indicator of oxidative stress in biological samples. Res. Chem. Intermediat. 26:253–267.
   Google Scholar
• Ashley, P.J., 2007. Fish welfare: Current issue in aquaculture. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 104:199–235.
   Google Scholar
• Audet, C., Fitzgerald, G.J., Guderley, H., 1986. Photoperiod effects on plasma cortisol levels in Gasterosteus aculeatus. Gen. Comp. Endocr. 61:76–81.
   Google Scholar
• Azam, K., Mackie, M., Smith, J., 1989. The effect of slaughter method on the quality of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during storage on ice. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 24:69–79.
   Google Scholar
• Bagni, M., Civitareale, C., Priori, A., Ballerini, A., Finoia, M., Brambilla, G., Marino, G., 2007. Pre-slaughter crowding stress and killing procedures affecting quality and welfare in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture 263:52–60.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, T.P., Lapp, A.F., Kayes, T.B., Malison, J.A., 1993. Validation of a micro titre plate ELISA for measuring cortisol in fish and comparison of stress responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Aquaculture 117:351–363.
   Google Scholar
• Barton, B.A., 2002. Stress in fishes: a diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integr. Comp. Biol. 42:517–525.
   Google Scholar
• Bertotto, D., Poltronieri, C., Radaelli, G., Negrato, E., Simontacchi, C., Poli, B.M., Tibaldi, E., 2007. Welfare and quality of farmed trout fed high plant protein diets. 3. Alternative indicators to evaluate stress in fish. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 6 (Suppl.1):789 (abstr.).
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, V.A., Huntingford, F.A., 2004. Fish and welfare: do fish have capacity for pain perception and suffering? Anim. Welfare 13:587–592.
   Google Scholar
• Brambell Committee, 1965. Report of the Technical Committee to enquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive husbandry systems. Command report 2836. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Brambilla, G., Civitareale, C., Ballerini, A., Fiori, M., Amadori, M., Archetti, L.I., Regini, M., Betti, M., 2002. Response to oxidative stress a welfare parameter in swine. Redox. Rep. 7(3):159–163.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, C., Warburton, K., 1999. Social mechanism enhance escape responses in shoals of rainbow fish (Melanotaenia duboulayi). Environ. Biol. Fishes 56:455–459.
   Google Scholar
• Chandroo, K.P., Cooke, S.J., Mckinley, R.S., Moccia, R.D., 2005. Use of electromyogram telemetry to assess the behavioural and energetic responses of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss to transportation stress. Aquacult. Res. 36:1226–1238.
   Google Scholar
• Chandroo, K.P., Duncan, I.J.H., Moccia, R.D., 2004. Can fish suffer? Perspectives on sentience, pain, fear and stress. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 86:225–250.
   Google Scholar
• Chrousos, K.P., Gold, P.W., 1992. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioural homeostasis. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 267:1244–1252.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, J., 1999. The Effects of slaughter method on rigor mortis development in farmed turbot (Scophtalmus maximus, Rafinesque, 1810). Degree Diss., National University of Ireland College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
   Google Scholar
• Close, B., Banister, K., Baumans, V., Bernoth, E-M., Bromage, N., Bunyan, J., Erhardt, W., Flecknell, P., Gregory, N., Hackbarth, H., Morton, D., Warwick, C., 1996. Recommendations for euthanasia of experimental animals: Part 1. Lab. Anim. 30:293–316.
   Google Scholar
• Conte, F.S., 2004. Stress and the welfare of cultured fish. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 86:205–223.
   Google Scholar
• Dawkins, M.S., 1998. Evolution and animal welfare. Q. Rev. Biol. 73:305–328.
   Google Scholar
• De Francesco, M., Parisi, G., Medale, F., Lupi, P., Kaushik, S.J., Poli, B.M., 2004. Effect of long term feeding with a plant protein mixture based on growth and body/fillet quality traits of large size rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 236:413–429.
   Google Scholar
• Einen, O., Waagan, B., Thamassam, M.S., 1998. Starvation prior to slaughter in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Effects on weight loss, body shape, slaughter- and fillet-yield, proximate and fatty acids composition. Aquaculture 166:85–104.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, T., North, B., Scott, A.P., Bromage, N.R., Porter, M., Gadd, D., 2002. The relationship between density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout. J. Fish Biol. 61:493–531.
   Google Scholar
• Endler, J.A., 1986. Defence against predators. In: M.E. Feder and G.V. Lauder (eds.) Predator-Prey Relationship. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA, pp 109–134.
   Google Scholar
• Erikson, U., Sigholt, T., Rustad, T., Einarsdottir, I.E., Jorgensen, L., 1999. Contribution of bleeding to total handling stress during slaughter of Atlantic salmon. Aquacult. Int. 7:101–115.
   Google Scholar
• European Food Safety Authority, 2004. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare on a request from the Commission related to welfare aspects of the main systems of stunning and killing the main commercial species of animals. The EFSA Book 45:1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, R.D., Ewing, S.K., 1995. Review of the effects of rearing density on the survival to adulthood for Pacific salmon. Prog. Fish. Cult. 57:1–57.
   Google Scholar
• FAWC, 1996. Report on the welfare of fish. Home page address: http://www.fawc.org.uk
   Google Scholar
• Feder, M.E., Hofmann, G.E., 1999. Heat-shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and the stress response: Evolutionary and ecological physiology. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 61:243–282.
   Google Scholar
• Fink, A.L., Goto, Y., 1998. Molecular Chaperones in the Life Cycle of Proteins: Structure, Function, and Mode of Action. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Fisheries Society of British Isles, 2002. Fish welfare. Briefing Paper 2, FSBI, Granta Information System, Sawston, Cambridge, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization, 2006. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ed. FAO 2007, Roma, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Gjerde, B., Pante, M.J.R., Baeverfjord, G., 2005. Genetic variation for a vertebral deformity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 244:77–87.
   Google Scholar
• Goodey, W., Liley, N.R., 1985. Grouping fails to influence the escape behaviour of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Anim. Behav. 33:1032–1033.
   Google Scholar
• Gornati, R., Papis, E., Rimoldi, S., Terova, G., Saroglia, M., Bernardini, G., 2004. Rearing density influences the expression of stress-related genes in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Gene 1:111–118.
   Google Scholar
• Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C., 1984. Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease. Biochem. J. 219(1):1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Handy, R.D., Depledge, M.H., 1999. Physiological responses: their measurements and use as environmental biomarkers in ecotoxicology. Ecotoxicology 8:329–349.
   Google Scholar
• Hoyle, I., Oidtmann, B., Ellis, T., Turnbull, J., North, B., Nikolaidis, J., Knowles, T.G., 2007. A validated macroscopic key to assess fin damage in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 270:142–148.
   Google Scholar
• Humane Slaughter Association, 2005. Humane Harvesting of Salmon and Trout., HSA ed., Wheathampstead, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Huntingford, F., 2002. Welfare and Aquaculture. Proc. Int. Conf. Aquaculture Europe on Sea farming today and tomorrow, Trieste, Italy. European Aquaculture Society Special Publ. 32: 52–54.
   Google Scholar
• Huntingford, F.A., Adams, C., Braithwaite, V.A., Kadri, S., Pottinger, T.G., Sandøe, P., Turnbull, J.F., 2006. Current issues in fish welfare. J. Fish Biol. 68:332–372.
   Google Scholar
• Iversen, M., Finstad, B., Nilssen, K.J., 1998. Recovery from loading and transport stress in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts. Aquaculture 168:387–394.
   Google Scholar
• Iwama, G.K., Thomas, P.T., Forsyth, R.B., Vijayan, M.M., 1998. Heat shock protein expression in fish. Rev. Fish. Biol. Fisher. 8:35–56.
   Google Scholar
• Jerrett, A.J., Stevens, J., Holland, A.J., 1996. Tensile properties of white muscle in rested and exhausted king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). J. Food Sci. 61:527–532.
   Google Scholar
• Juell, J.E., Oppendal, F., Boxaspen, K., Taranger, G.L., 2003. Submerged light increases swimming depth and reduces fish density of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in production cages. Aquacult. Res. 34:469–477.
   Google Scholar
• Kaushik, S., Cravedi, J., Lalles, J., Sumpter, J., Faconneau, B., Laroche, M., 1995. Partial or total replacement of fish meal by soybean protein on growth, protein utilisation, potential estrogenic or antigenic effects, cholesterolemia and flesh quality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 133:257–274.
   Google Scholar
• Kestin, S.C., 1994. Pain and stress in fish. Report of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Causeway, Horsham, West Sussex, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Kestin, S.C., Wootton, S.B., Adams, S., 1995. The effect of CO2, concussion or electrical stunning of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on fish welfare. Proc. Int. Conf. Aquaculture Europe on Quality in Aquaculture, Gent, Belgium. European Aquaculture Society Special Publ. 23: 380–381.
   Google Scholar
• Kestin, S.C., Wootton, S.B., Gregory, N.G., 1991. Effect of slaughter by removal from water on visual evoked activity in the brain and reflex movement of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet. Rec. 128:443–446.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer, D.L., 1987. Dissolved oxygen and fish behaviour. Environ. Biol. Fish. 18:81–92.
   Google Scholar
• Kristiansen, T.S., Ferno, A., Holm, J.C., Trivitera, L., Bakke, S., Fosseidengen, J.E., 2004. Swimming behaviour as an indicator of low growth rate and impaired welfare in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) reared at three stocking densities. Aquaculture 230:137–151.
   Google Scholar
• Lambooij, E., Van Der Vis, J.W., Kloosterboer, R.J., Pieterse, C., 2002a. Evaluation of head-only and head-to-tail electrical stunning of farmed eels (Anguilla anguilla, L.) for the development of a humane slaughter method. Aquacult. Res. 33:323–331.
   Google Scholar
• Lambooij, E., Van Der Vis, J.W., Kloosterboer, R.J., Pieterse, C., 2002b. Welfare aspects of live chilling and freezing of farmed eel (Anguilla anguilla L.): neurological and behavioural assessment. Aquaculture 210:159–169.
   Google Scholar
• Lima, S.L., 1998. Predator induced stress and behaviour. Adv. Stud. Behav. 27:215–290.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe, T., Ryder, J.M., Carrager, J.F., Wells, R.M.G., 1993. Flesh quality in snapper, Pagrus auratus, affected by capture stress. J. Food Sci. 58:770–773.
   Google Scholar
• Marx, H., Brunner, B., Weinzierl W., Hoffman, R., Stolle, A., 1997. Methods of stunning freshwater fish: impact on meat quality and aspects of animal welfare. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 204:282–286.
   Google Scholar
• Medale, F., Boujard, T., Vallee, F., Blanc, D., Mambrini, M., Roem, A., Kaushik, S.J., 1998. Voluntary feed intake, nitrogen and phosphorus losses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed increasing dietary levels of soy protein concentrate. Aquat. Living Resour. 11:239–246.
   Google Scholar
• Midtlyng, P.J., 1997. Vaccinated fish welfare: Protection versus side-effects. Dev. Biol. Stand. 90: 371–379.
   Google Scholar
• Milligan, C.L., 1996. Metabolic recovery from exhaustive exercise in rainbow trout. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 113:51–60.
   Google Scholar
• Moberg, G.P., 1999. When does an animal become stressed? Lab. Anim. 23:22–26.
   Google Scholar
• Montero, D., Tort, L., Robaina, L., Vergara, J.M., Izquierdo, M.S., 2001. Low vitamin E in diet reduces stress resistance of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Fish Shellfish Immun. 11:473–490.
   Google Scholar
• Mormėde, P., Andanson, S., Aupėrin, B., Beerda, B., Guėmenė, D., Malmkvist, J., Manteca, X., Manteuffel, G., Prunet, P., Van Reenen, C.G., Richard, S., Veissier, I., 2007. Exploration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare. Physiol. Behav. 92:317–339.
   Google Scholar
• Morton, D.B., 1990. Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress and discomfort in experimentalanimals. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 183:1583.
   Google Scholar
• North, B.P., Turnbull, J.F., Ellis, T., Porter, M.J., Migaud, H., Bron, J., Bromage, N.R., 2006. The impact of stocking density on the welfare of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 255: 466–479.
   Google Scholar
• Oka, H., Ohno, K., Ninomiya, J., 1990. Changes in texture during cold storage of cultured yellowtail meat prepared by different killing methods. Nippon Suisan Gakk. 56:1673–1678.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira, R.F., Canario, A.V.M., Bsharry, R., 1999. Hormones, behaviour and conservation of littoral fishes: current status and prospects for future research. In: V.C. Almada, R.F. Oliveira and E.J. Gonçalves (eds.) Behaviour and conservation of littoral fishes. Instituto Superior de Psicologia Apilcada publ., Lisbona, Portugal, pp 149–168.
   Google Scholar
• Ortuño, J., Angeles Esteban, M., Meseguer, J., 2002. Lack of effect of combining different stressors on innate immune responses of sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 84:17–27.
   Google Scholar
• Ottera, H., Roth, B., Torrison, O.J., 2001. Do killing methods affect quality of Atlantic Salmon? In: S.C. Kestin and P.D.Warris (eds.) Farmed Fish Quality. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK, pp 398–399.
   Google Scholar
• Overli, O., Korzan, W.J., Hoglund, E., Winberg, S., Bollig, H., Watt, M., Foster, G.L., Barton, B.A., Overli, E., Renner, K.J., Summers, C.H., 2004. Stress coping style predicts aggression and social dominance in rainbow trout. Horm. Behav. 45:235–241.
   Google Scholar
• Parisi, G., De Francesco, M., Médale, F., Scappini, F., Mecatti, M., Kaushik, S.J., Poli, B.M., 2004. Effect of total replacement of dietary fish meal by plant protein sources on early post mortem changes in the biochemical and physical parameters of rainbow trout. Vet. Res. Commun. 28:237–240.
   Google Scholar
• Pickering, A.D., 1998. Stress responses in farmed fish. In: K.D. Black and A.D. Pickering (eds.) Biology of farmed fish. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK, pp 222–255.
   Google Scholar
• Pickering, A.D., Pottinger, T.G., 1985. Factors influencing blood cortisol levels of brown trout under intensive culture conditions. In: B. Lofts and W.N. Holms (eds.) Current Trends in Endocrinology. Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China, pp 1239–1242.
   Google Scholar
• Pickering, A.D., Pottinger, T.G., 1989. Stress response and disease resistance in salmonid fish: effect of chronic elevation of plasma cortisol. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 7:253–258.
   Google Scholar
• Pickering, A.D., Pottinger, T.G., 1995. Biochemical effects of stress. In: P.W. Hochachka and T.P. Mommsen (eds.) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes. Environmental and Ecological Biochemistry. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp 349–379.
   Google Scholar
• Pickering, A.D., Pottinger, T.G., Christie, P., 1982. Recovery of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., from acute handling stress: a time-course study. J. Fish Biol. 20:229–244.
   Google Scholar
• Pickering, A.D., Pottinger, T.G., Sumpter, J.P., 1987. On the use of dexamethasone to block the pituitary-interrenal axis in the brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 65:346–353.
   Google Scholar
• Pitcher, T.J., Parrish, J.K., 1993. Function of shoaling behaviour in teleosts. In: T.J. Pitcher. (ed.) Behaviour of teleosts. Chapman and Hall, London, UK, pp 363–439.
   Google Scholar
• Poli, B.M., Parisi, G., Scappini, F., Zampacavallo, G., 2005. Fish welfare and quality as affected by pre-slaughter and slaughter management. Aquacult. Int. 13:29–49.
   Google Scholar
• Poli, B.M., Scappini, F., Parisi, G., Zampacavallo, G., Mecatti, M., Lupi, P., Mosconi, G., Giorgi, G., Vigiani, V., 2004. Traditional and innovative stunning/slaughtering methods for European sea bass compared by the complex of the assessed behavioural, plasmatic and tissue stress and quality indexes at death and during shelf life. pp 58–63 in Proc. 34th WEFTA Conf., Lubeck, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Poli, B.M., Zampacavallo, G., Iurzan, F., De Francesco, M., Mosconi, M., Parisi, G., 2002. Biochemical stress indicators change in sea bass influenced by slaughter methods. Proc. Int. Conf. Aquaculture Europe on Sea farming today and tomorrow, Tri-
   Google Scholar
• este, Italy. European Aquaculture Society Special Publ. 32:429–430.
   Google Scholar
• Pottinger, T.G., 2001. Effects of Husbandry Stress on Flesh Quality Indicators in Fish. In: S.C. Kestin and P.D. Warriss (eds.) Farmed Fish Quality. Fishing News Book, Oxford, UK, pp 145–160.
   Google Scholar
• Pottinger, T.G., 2003. The selection of trout for high and low responsiveness to stress: progress and prospects. In: Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (ed.) Trout News 36:14–16.
   Google Scholar
• Pottinger, T.G., Carrick, T.R., 2001. Stress responsiveness affects dominant-subordinate relationships in rainbow trout. Horm. Behav. 40:419–427.
   Google Scholar
• Pottinger, T.G., Pickering, A.D., 1997. Genetic basis to the stress response: selective breeding for stress-tolerant fish. In: G.K. Iwama, A.D. Pickering, J.P. Sumpter and C.B. Schreck (eds.) Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture, University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 171–194.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy, P.K., Leatherland, J.F., 1998. Stress Physiology. In: J.F. Leatherland and P.T.K. Woo (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders. Vol.2: Non-infectious Disorders, CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 279–301.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy, P.K., Vijayan, M.M., Leatherland, J.F., Moon, T.W., 1995. Does RU486 modify hormonal responses to handling stressor and cortisol treatment in fed and fasted rainbow trout? J. Fish. Biol. 46:341–359.
   Google Scholar
• Ribas, L., Planas, J.V., Barton, B., Monetti, C., Bernardini, G., Saroglia, M., Tort, L., Mackenzie, S., 2004. A differentially expressed enolase gene isolated from the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) under high-density conditions is up-regulated in brain after in vivo lipopolysaccharide challenge. Aquaculture 241:195–206.
   Google Scholar
• Robb, D.H.F., Kestin, S.C., 2002. Methods used to kill fish: field observation and literature reviewed. Anim. Welfare 11:269–282.
   Google Scholar
• Robb, D.H.F., Roth, B., 2003. Brain activity of Atlantic salmon following electrical stunning using various field strengths and pulse duration. Aquaculture 216:363–369.
   Google Scholar
• Robb, D.H.F., Warriss, S.P.D., 1997. How killing methods affect salmonid quality. Fish Farmer 6:48–49.
   Google Scholar
• Robb, D.H.F., Wotton, S.B., Mckinstry, J., Sørensen, N-K., Kestin, S.C., 2000. Commercial slaughter methods used on Atlantic salmon: determination of the onset of brain failure by electroencephalography. Vet. Rec. 147:298–303.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, J.D., 2002. The neurobehavioural nature of fishes and the question of awareness and pain. Rev. Fish. Sci. 10:1–38.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, J.D., 2003. A critique of the paper, “Do fish have nociceptors: evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system” by Sneddon et al. 2003. In: H.S. Erikson (ed.) Information resources on fish welfare, 1970–2003. Animal Welfare Information Center Resource Series N. 20, pp 49–51.
   Google Scholar
• Ruane, N.M., Carballo, E.C., Komen, J., 2002. Increased stocking density influences the acute physiological stress response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquacult. Res. 33:777–784.
   Google Scholar
• Ruff, N., Fitzgerald, R.D., Cross, T.F., Teurtrie, G., Kerry, J.P., 2002. Slaughtering method and dietary α-tocopherol acetate supplementation affect rigor mortis and fillet shelf life of turbot Scophthalmus maximus L. Aquacult. Res. 33:703–714.
   Google Scholar
• Sandodden, R., Findstad, B., Iversen, M., 2001. Transport stress in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): anaesthesia and recovery. Aquacult. Res. 32:87–90.
   Google Scholar
• Scapigliati, G., Scalia, D., Marras, A., Meloni, S., Mazzini, M., 1999. Immunoglobulin levels in the teleost sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) in relation to age, season and water oxygenation. Aquaculture 174:207–212.
   Google Scholar
• Schjolden, J., Stoskhus, S., Winberg, S., 2005. Does individual variation in stress responses and agonistic behaviour reflect divergent stress coping strategies in juvenile rainbow trout?. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 78:715–723.
   Google Scholar
• Sigholt, T., Erikson, U., Rustad, T., Johansen, S., Nordtvedt, T.S., Seland, A., 1997. Handling stress and storage temperature affect meat quality of farm-raised Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J. Food Sci. 62:898–905.
   Google Scholar
• Skjervold, P.O., Fjaera, P.B., Ostby, P.B., Einen, O., 2001. Live-chilling and crowding stress before
   Google Scholar
• slaughter of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 192:267–282.
   Google Scholar
• Sneddon, L.U., Braithwaite, V.A., Gentle, M.J., 2003. Do fish have nociceptors: evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system. P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Bio. 270:1115–1121.
   Google Scholar
• Sørum, U., DamsgÅrd, B., 2004. Effects of anaesthetisation and vaccination on feed intake and growth in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 232:333–341.
   Google Scholar
• Southgate, P., Wall, T., 2001. Welfare of farmed fish at slaughter. In Practice 23:277–284.
   Google Scholar
• Sumpter, J.P., 1997. The endocrinology of stress. In: G.K. Iwama, A.D. Pickering, J.P. Sumpter and C.B. Schreck (eds.) Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 95–118.
   Google Scholar
• Sutor, H.C., Huntingford, F.A., 2002. Eye colour in juvenile Atlantic salmon: effects of social status, aggression and foraging success. J. Fish Biol. 61:606–614.
   Google Scholar
• Tappel, A.L., 1973. Lipid peroxidation damage to cell components. Fed. Proc. 32:1870–1874.
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe, J.E., Mcconway, M.G., Miles, M.S., Muir, J.S., 1987. Diet and seasonal changes in resting plasma cortisol levels in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 65:19–22.
   Google Scholar
• Tobiassen, T., Sørensen, N.K., 1999. Influence of killing methods on time of death of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) as measured by behavioural indices of sensibility and reflexes. Proc. Int. Conf. Aquaculture Europe on Towards Predictable Quality, Trondheim, Norway. European Aquaculture Society Special Publ. 27: 244–245.
   Google Scholar
• Tort, L., Padros, F., Rotllant, J., Crespo, S., 1998a. Winter syndrome in the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Immunological and histopathological features. Fish Shellfish Immun. 8:37–47.
   Google Scholar
• Tort, L., Rotllant, J., Rovira, L., 1998b. Immunological suppression in gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata of the north west Mediterranean at low temperatures. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 120:175–179.
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull, J.F., Bell, A., Adams, C.E., Bron, J., Huntingford, F.A., 2005. Stocking density and welfare of cage farmed Atlantic salmon: application of a multivariate analysis. Aquaculture 243:121–132.
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull, J.F., Richards, R.H., Robertson, D.A., 1996. Gross, histological and scanning electron microscopic appearance of dorsal fin rot in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. parr. J. Fish Dis. 19:415–427.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J.W., Nemeth, R., Rogers, C., 2003. Measurements of fecal glucocorticoids in parrotfishes to assess stress. Gen. Comp. Endoctrinol. 133:341–352.
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Vis, H., Kestin, S., Robb, D., Oehlenschlager, J., Lambooij, B., Munkner, W., Kuhlmann, H., Kloosterboer, K., Tejada, M., Huidobro, A., Ottera, H., Roth, B., Sørensen, N.K., Akse, L., Byrne, H., Nesvadba, P., 2003. Is humane slaughter of fish possible for industry? Aquacult. Res. 34:211–220.
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Vis, H., Oehlenschlager, J., Kuhlmann, H., Munkner, W., Robb, D.H.F., Schelvis-Smit, A.A.M., 2001. Effect of the Commercial and Experimental Slaughter of Eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) on Quality and Welfare. In: S.C. Kestin and P.D. Warriss (eds.) Farmed Fish Quality. Fishing News Books, Oxford, UK, pp.234–248.
   Google Scholar
• Vazzana, M., Cammarata, M., Cooper, E.L., Parriello, N., 2002. Confinement stress in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) depresses peritoneal leukocyte cytotoxicity. Aquaculture 241:371–386.
   Google Scholar
• Verheijen, F.J., Flight, W.F.G., 1997. Decapitation and brining: experimental tests show that after these commercial methods for slaughtering eel Anguilla anguilla (L.), death is not instantaneous. Aquacult. Res. 28:361–366.
   Google Scholar
• Vijayan, M.M., Moon, T.W., 1994. The stress response and the plasma disappearance of corticosteroid and glucose in a marine Teleost, the sea raven. Can. J. Zool. 72:379–386.
   Google Scholar
• Wall, A.E., 1998. Cataracts in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Ireland, Norway and Scotland from 1995 to 1997. Vet. Rec. 142:626–631.
   Google Scholar
• Wall, A.J., 2001. Ethical Considerations in the Handling and Slaughter of Farmed Fish. In: S.C. Kestin and P.D. Warriss (eds.) Farmed Fish Quality. Fishing News Book, Oxford, UK, pp 108–115.
   Google Scholar
• Wendelaar Bonga, S.E., 1997. The stress response in fish. Physiol. Rev. 77:591–625.
   Google Scholar