A Simplified Tool for Estimating Carbon Footprint of Dairy Cattle Milk

References

• AgleM. HristovA.N. ZamanS. SchneiderC. NdegwaP. VaddellaV.K. 2010. The effects of ruminally degraded protein on rumen fermentation and ammonia losses from manure in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93:1625-1637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APAT, 2003. Analisi dei fattori di emissione di CO2 dal settore dei trasporti. Available from: http://www.ssc.it/pdf/2013/3906_Rapporti_03_28.pdf
   Google Scholar
• APAT, 2008. Italian greenhouse gas inventory 1990-2006. Available from: http://unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_ghg_inventorie/national_inventories_submitions/ite ms/4303.php
   Google Scholar
• Asselin-BalençonA.C. PoppJ. HendersonA. HellerM. ThomaG. JollietO. 2013. Dairy farm greenhouse gas impacts: A parsimonious model for a farmer’s decision support tool. Int. Dairy J. 31:S65-S77.
   Google Scholar
• BaldwinR.L. ThornleyJ.H.M. BeeverD.E. 1987. Metabolism of the lactating cow: II. Digestive elements of a mechanistic model. J. Dairy Res. 54:107-131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BanninkA. van SchijndelM.W. DijkstraJ. 2011. A model of enteric fermentation in dairy cows to estimate methane emission for the Dutch National Inventory Report using the IPCC Tier 3 approach. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 166-167:603-618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basset-MensC. LedgardS. CarranA. 2005. First life cycle assessment of milk production from New Zealand dairy farm Systems. Available from:www.anzee.org/anzee2005papers/Basset_Mens_LCA_NZ_milk_production.pdf
   Google Scholar
• BelflowerJ.B. BernardJ.K. GattieD.K. HancockD.W. RisseL.M. RotzC.A. 2012. A case study of the potential environmental impacts of different dairy production systems in Georgia. Agr. Syst. 108:84-93.
   Google Scholar
• BellM.J. WallE. RussellG. SimmG. StottA.W. 2011. The effect of improving cow productivity, fertility, and longevity on the global warming potential of dairy systems. J. Dairy Sci. 94:3662-3678.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BenchaarC. RivestJ. PomarC. ChiquetteJ. 1998. Prediction of methane production from dairy cows using existing mechanistic models and regression equations. J. Anim. Sci. 76:617-627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BerlinJ. 2002. Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of Swedish semi-hard cheese. Int. Dairy J. 12:939-953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BroderickG.A. StevensonM.J. PattonR.A. LobosN.E. Olmos ColmeneroJ.J. 2008. Effect of supplementing rumen-protected methionine on production and nitrogen excretion in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1092-1102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BussinkD.W. OenemaO. 1998. Ammonia volatilization from dairy farming systems in temperate areas: a review. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 51:19-33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarèS. TerzanoG.M. PirloG. 2012. Milk production and carbon footprint in two samples of Italian dairy cattle and buffalo farms. Page 297 in Proc. 63rd Int. Meet. EAAP, Bratislava, Slovakia.
   Google Scholar
• CaseyJ.W. HoldenN.M. 2005. The relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and the intensity of milk production in Ireland. J. Environ. Qual. 34:429-436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CastanheiraÉ.G. DiasA.C. ArrojaL. AmaroR. 2010. The environmental performance of milk production on a typical Portuguese dairy farm. Agr. Syst. 103:498-507.
   Google Scholar
• CederbergC. FlysjöA. 2004. Life cycle inventory of 23 dairy farms in south-western Sweden. SIK Report No. 728. Available from: www.sik.se/archive/pdf-filer-katalog/SR728(1).pdf
   Google Scholar
• CederbergC. MattssonB. 2000. Life cycle assessment of milk production – a comparison of conventional and organic farming. J. Clean. Prod. 8:49-60.
   Google Scholar
• CeschiaE. BéziatP. DejouxJ.F. AubinetM. BernhoferCh. BodsonB. BuchmannN. CarraraA. CellierP. Di TommasiP. ElbersJ.A. EugsterW. GrünwaldT. JacobsC.M.J. JansW.W.P. JonesM. KutschW. LaniganG. MagliuloE. MarloieO. MoorsE.J. MoreauxC. OliosoA. OsborneB. SanzM.J. SaundersM. SmithP. SoegaardH. WattenbachM. 2010. Management effects on net ecosystem carbon and GHG budgets at European crop sites. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 139:363-383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChadwickD. SommerS. ThormanR. FangueiroD. CardenasL. AmonB. MisselbrookT. 2011. Manure management: Implications for greenhouse gas emissions. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 166-167:514-531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de BoerI.J.M. 2003. Environmental impact assessment of conventional and organic milk production. Livest. Prod. Sci. 80:69-77.
   Google Scholar
• DijkstraJ. NealH.D.St.C. BeeverD.E. FranceJ. 1992. Simulation of nutrient digestion, absorption and outflow in the rumen: model description. J. Nutr. 122:2239-2256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EEA, 2009. Annual European Community greenhouse gas inventory 1999-2007. An inventory report. EEA Technical report No. 4. European Environment Agency Publ., København, Denmark.
   Google Scholar
• EMEP/EEA, 2009. 4.B Animal husbandry and manure management. Part B. Sectorial guidance chapters. Manure management GB2009 update June 2010. Available from: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/em ep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/4-agriculture/4-b
   Google Scholar
• ENAMA, 2005. Prontuario dei consumi di carburante per l’impiego agevolato in agricoltura. Available from: http://www.enama.it/php/pageflip.php?pdf=enama_int_prontuario.pdf&dir=/it/pdf/monografie
   Google Scholar
• FantinV. ButtolP. PergreffiR. MasoniP. 2012. Life cycle assessment of Italian high quality milk production. A comparison with an EPD study. J. Cleaner Prod. 28:150-159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FIL-IDF, 2010. A common carbon footprint approach for dairy. The IDF guide to standard lifecycle assessment methodology for dairy sector. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation No. 445/2010.
   Google Scholar
• FlysjöA. 2011. Potential for improving the carbon footprint of butter and blend products. J. Dairy Sci. 94:5833-5841.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FlysjöA. CederbergC. HenrikssonM. LedgardS. 2012. The interaction between milk and beef production and emissions from land use change – critical considerations in life cycle assessment and carbon footprint studies of milk. J. Cleaner Prod. 28:134-142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FlysjöA. HenrikssonM. CederbergC. LedgardS. EnglundJ-E. 2011. The impact of various parameters on the carbon footprint of milk production in New Zealand and Sweden. Agr. Syst. 104:459-469.
   Google Scholar
• ForsterP. RamaswamyV. ArtaxoP. BerntsenT. BettsR. FaheyD.W. HaywoodJ. LeanJ. LoweD.C. MyhreG. NgangaJ. PrinnR. RagaG. SchulzM. Van DorlandR. 2007. Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: SolomonS. QinD. ManningM. ChenZ. MarquisM. AverytK.B. TignorM. MillerH.L. ( eds.) Climate Change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of the Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Interngovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp 131-234. Available from: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• GerberP. VellingaT. OpioC. SteinfeldH. 2011. Productivity gains and greenhouse gas emissions intensity in dairy systems. Livest. Sci. 139:100-108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-GarcíaS. CastanheiraÉ.G. DiasA.C. ArrojaL. 2013. Environmental performance of a Portuguese mature cheese-making daily mill. J. Clean. Prod. 41:65-73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GraingerC. BeaucheminK.A. 2011. Can enteric methane emissions from ruminants be lowered without lowering their production? Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 166-167:308-320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaasG. WetterichF. KöpkeU. 2001. Comparing intensive, extensified and organic grassland farming in southern Germany by process life cycle assessment. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 83:43-53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HenrikssonM. FlysjöA. CederbergC. SwenssonC. 2011. Variation in carbon footprint of milk due to management differences between Swedish dairy farms. Animal 5:1474-1484.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Høgaas EideM. 2002. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of industrial milk production. Int. J. Life Cycle Ass. 7:115-126.
   Google Scholar
• HospidoA. MoreiraM.T. FeijooG. 2003. Simplified life cycle assessment of galician milk production. Int. Dairy J. 13:783-796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HustedS. 1994. Seasonal variation in methane emission from stored slurry and solid manures. J. Environ. Qual. 23:585-592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2006. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Available from: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/
   Google Scholar
• ISPRA, 2008. Agricoltura. Inventario nazionale delle emissioni e disaggregazione provinciale. Rapporti 85. Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale Publ., Roma, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• ISPRA, 2011. Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2009. National Inventory Report 2011. Rapporti 139/2011. Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale Publ., Roma, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• ISO, 2006a. Environmental management – life cycle assessment – principles and framework. Norm ISO 14040:2006. International Organization for Standardization Publ., Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• ISO, 2006b. Environmental management – life cycle management – requirements and guidelines, Norm ISO 14044:2006. International Organization for Standardization Publ., Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• KalscheurK.F. BaldwinR.L.VI GlennB.P. KohnR.A. 2006. Milk production of dairy cows fed differing concentrations of rumen-protected protein. J. Dairy Sci. 89:249-259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KebreabE. ClarkK. Wagner-RiddleC. FranceJ. 2006. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Canadian animal agriculture: a review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 86:135-157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KirchgessnerM. WindishW. MullerL.P. 1995. Nutritional factors for the quantification of methane production. pp 333-348 in Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Ruminant Physiology, Stuttgart, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• KristensenT. MogensenL. Trydeman KnudsenM. HermansenJ.E. 2011. Effect of production system and farming strategy on greenhouse gas emissions from commercial dairy farms in a life cycle approach. Livest. Sci. 140:136-148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KüllingD.R. DohmeF. MenziH. SutterF. LischerP. KreuzerM. 2002. Methane emissions of differently fed dairy cows and corresponding methane and nitrogen emissions from their manure during storage. Environ. Monit. Assess. 79:129-150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KüllingD.R. MenziH. KroberT.F. NeftelA. SutterF. LischerP. KreuzerM. 2001. Emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane from different types of dairy manure storage as affected by dietary protein content. J. Agr. Sci. 137:235-250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeeC. HristovA.N. DellC.J. FeyereisenG.W. KayeJ. BeegleD. 2012. Effect of dietary protein concentration on ammonia and greenhouse gas emitting potential of dairy manure. J. Dairy Sci. 95:1930-1941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LovettD.K. ShallooL. DillonP. O’MaraF.P. 2008. Greenhouse gas emissions from pastoral based dairying systems: The effect of uncertainty and management change under two contrasting production systems. Livest. Sci. 116:260-274.
   Google Scholar
• Mc GeoughE.J. LittleS.M. JanzenH.H. McAllisterT.A. McGinnS.M. BeaucheminK.A. 2012. Life-cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from dairy production in Eastern Canada: a case study. J. Dairy Sci. 95:5164-5175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council, 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
   Google Scholar
• NguyenT.T.H. van der WerfH.M.G. EugèneM. VeyssetP. DevunJ. ChesneauG. DoreauM. 2012. Effects of type of ration and allocation methods on the environmental impacts of beef-production systems. Livest. Sci. 145:239-251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’BrienD. ShallooL. BuckleyF. HoranB. GraingerC. WallaceM. 2011. The effect of methodology on estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from grass-based dairy systems. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 141:39-48.
   Google Scholar
• O’BrienD. ShallooL. GraingerC. BuckleyF. HoranB. WallaceM. 2010. The influence of strain of Holstein-Friesian cow and feeding system on greenhouse gas emissions from pastoral dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 93:3390-3402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’BrienD. ShallooL. PattonJ. BuckleyF. GraingerC. WallaceM. 2012. Evaluation of the effect of accounting method, IPCC vs. LCA, on grass-based and confinement dairy systems’ greenhouse gas emissions. Animal 6:1512-1526.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OlesenJ.E. ScheldeK. WeiskeA. WeisbjergM.R. AsmanW.A.H. DjurhuusJ. 2006. Modelling greenhouse gas emissions from European conventional and organic dairy farms. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 112:207-220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OlesenJ.E. WeiskeA. AsmanW.A. WeisbjergM.R. DjurhuusJ. ScheldeK. 2004. FarmGHG. A model for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farms. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Available from: http://agrsci. au.dk/fileadmin/DJF/JPM/klima/JEO/ Farm GHG5 Documentation.pdf
   Google Scholar
• PhetteplaceH.W. JohnsonD.E. SeidlA.F. 2001. Greenhouse gas emissions from simulated beef and dairy livestock systems in the United States. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 60:99-102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PirloG. 2012. Cradle-to-farm gate analysis of milk carbon footprint: a descriptive review. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 11:e20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RaminM. HuhatanenP. 2013. Development of equations for predicting methane emissions from ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 96:2476-2493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobinsonP.H. 2010. Impacts of manipulating ration metabolizable lysine and methionine levels on the performance of lactating dairy cows: A systematic review of the literature. Livest. Sci. 127:115-126.
   Google Scholar
• RotzC.A. ChianeseD.S. 2009. The dairy greenhouse gas model. Reference manual, version 1.2. Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Place/19020000/DairyGH GReferenceManual.pdf
   Google Scholar
• RotzC.A. MontesF. ChianeseD.S. 2010. The carbon footprint of the dairy production systems through partial life cycle assessment. J. Dairy Sci. 93:1266-1282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RoyP. NeiD. OrikasaT. XuQ. OkadomeH. NakamuraN. ShiinaT. 2009. A review of life cycle assessment (LCA) on some food products. J. Food Eng. 90:1-10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchilsR.L.M. VerhagenA. AartsH.F.M. ŠebekL.B.J. 2005. A farm level approach to define successful mitigation strategies for GHG emissions from ruminant livestock systems. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 71:163-175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SteinfeldH. GerberP. WassenaarT. CastelV. RosalesM. De HaanC. 2006. Livestock’s long shadow: environmental issues and options. FAO Publ., Roma, Italy. Available from: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/ a0701e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• St-PierreN.R. SylvesterJ.T. 2005. Effects of 2-Hydroxy-4-(Methylthio) butanoic acid (HBM) and its isopropyl ester on milk production and composition by Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2487-2497.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SubbaraoG.V. ItoO. SahrawatK.L. BeryW.L. NakaharaK. IshikawaT. WatanabeT. SuenagaK. RondonM. RaoI.M. 2006. Scope and strategies for regulation of nitrification in agricultural systems – Challenges and opportunities. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 25:303-335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThomassenM.A. DalgaardR. HeijungsR. de BoerI. 2008. Attributional and consequential LCA of milk production. Int. J. Life Cycle Ass. 13:339-349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WallE. SimmG. MoranD. 2010. Developing breeding schemes to assist mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Animal 4:366-376.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WeissW.P. 2004. Factors affecting manure excretion by dairy cows. pp 11-20 in Proc. Nat. Cornell Nutr. Conf., Ithaca, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• WheelerD.M. 2012. OVERSEER® Technical manual. Calculation of methane emissions. AgResearch Ltd., Hammilton, New Zealand. Available from: http://www.overseer.org.nz/ Portals/0/Technical%20manu-al/OvrMethane%20H.pdf
   Google Scholar
• YanM.J. HumphreysJ. HoldenN.M. 2013. The carbon footprint of pasture-based milk production: Can white clover make a difference? J. Dairy Sci. 96:857-865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZehetmeierM. BaudraccoJ. HoffmannH. HeißenhuberA. 2012. Does increasing milk yield per cow reduce greenhouse gas emissions? A system approach. Animal 6:154-166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar