Supplementary Feeding of Farmed Fallow Deer: Effect on Milk Composition and Fawn Performance

References

• AOAC, 2000. Official methods of analysis, 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemistry, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
   Google Scholar
• AsherG.W. 1993. Growth and feeding management of fallow deer in New Zealand. pp 67-72 in Proc. 1st World Forum on fallow deer farming. Ruakura Agricultural Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• AsherG.W. MulleyR.C. O’NeillK.T. ScottI.C. 2000. Studies on the nutritional requirements of adult red deer hinds during late pregnancy. pp 97-104 in Proc. 17th Nat. Conf. Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association, Queenstown, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• BirgerssonB. 1988a. Male-biased maternal expenditure and associated costs in fallow deer. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 43: 87-93.
   Google Scholar
• BirgerssonB. TillbomM. EkvallK. 1988b. Male-biased investment in fallow deer: an experimental study. Anim. Behav. 56:301-307.
   Google Scholar
• ByersJ.A. MoodieJ.D. 1990. Sex-specific maternal investment in pronghorn, and the question of a limit on differential provisioning in ungulates. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 26:157-164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clutton-BrockT.H. 1991. The evolution of parental care. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Clutton-BrockT.H. HarveyP.H. 1978. Mammal resources and reproductive strategies. Nature 273:191-195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DunsheaF.R. BellA.W. 1989. Relations between plasma non-esterified fatty acid metabolism and body fat mobilization in primiparous lactating goats. Brit. J. Nutr. 62:51-61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FleschJ.S. MulleyR.C. AsherG.W. 2002. Development of a body condition scoring system for farmed fallow deer (Dama dama). pp 20-26 in Proc. 5th Int. Congr. on Deer Biology, Québec City, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• GallegoL. Landete-CastillejosT. GarciaA. SánchezP.J. 2005. Seasonal and lacta-tional changes in mineral composition of milk from Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). J. Dairy Sci. 89:589-595.
   Google Scholar
• GalliM.A. FocardiS. IseppiM. PiasentierE. 2008. Age determination in fallow deer Dama dama neonates. Wildlife Biology 14:386-390.
   Google Scholar
• GoeringH.K. Van SoestP.J. 1970. Forage fibre analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures, and some applications). Agricultural Handbook N. 379, US Department of Agriculture Publ., Washington, DC, USA.
   Google Scholar
• HutchinsonC.L. MulleyR.C. WiklundE. FleschJ.S. 2012. Effect of concentrate on instrumental meat quality and sensory characteristics of fallow deer venison. Meat Sci. 90:801-806.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landete-CastillejosT. GarcíaA. GόmezJ.A. GallegoL. 2003. Lactation under food constraints in Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). Wildlife Biol 9: 131-139.
   Google Scholar
• Landete-CastillejosT. GarcíaA. Lόpez SerranoF.R. GallegoL. 2005. Maternal quality and differences in milk production and composition for male and female Iberian red deer calves (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 57: 267-274.
   Google Scholar
• Landete-CastillejosT. GarcíaA. MolinaP. VergaraH. GardeJ. GallegoL. 2000. Milk production and composition in captive Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus): effect of birth date. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2771-2777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoudonA.S.I. DarrochA.D. MilneJ.A. 1984. The lactation performance of red deer on hill and improved species pastures. J. Agr. Sci. 102:149-158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MattielloS. 2009. Welfare issues of modern deer farming. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 8:205-217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeijsJ.A.C. WaltersR.J.K. KeenA. 1982. Sward methods. In: LeaverJ.D. ( ed.) Herbage intake handbook. British Grassland Society Publ., Berkshire, UK, pp 11-36.
   Google Scholar
• MulleyR.C. FleschJ.S. 2001. Nutritional requirements for pregnant and lactating red and fallow deer. Report N. 01/0095. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Publ., Canberra, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• PelabonC. GaillardJ.M. LoisonA. PortierC. 1995. Is sex-biased maternal care limited by total maternal expenditure in polyg-ynous ungulates? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 47:311-319.
   Google Scholar
• PiasentierE. BovolentaS. VilianiM. 2005. Wild ungulate farming systems and product quality. Vet. Res. Comm. 29 (Suppl.2):65-70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PisaniG.M. MalacarneM. SoffiantiniC.S. FranceschiP. FormaggioniP. PiasentierE. SummerA. MarianiP. 2006. Gross composition and protein fractions of milk from fallow deer (Dama dama). Page 51 in Proc. 6th Int. Congr. on Deer Biology, Prague, Czech Republic.
   Google Scholar
• Poljičak-MilasN. MarenjakT.S. SlavicaA. JanickiZ. FilipoviN. SrukV. 2009. Comparative hematological and biochemical values in pregnant and non-pregnant red, (Cervus elaphus), and fallow deer, (Dama dama), females. Folia Zool. 58:36-44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poljičak-MilasN. SlavicaA. JanickiZ. MarenjakT.S. KoliE. 2006. Comparison of serum biochemical parameters between red (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama L.) in Moslavina region of croatia. Vet. Arhiv. 76:229-238.
   Google Scholar
• ReinkenG. HartfielW. KörnerE. 1990. A pratical guide to german techniques. Farming Press Books, Ipswich, UK.
   Google Scholar
• RuY.J. FortuneJ.A. 1996. Hard grazing during spring growth improved nutritive value of subterranean clover. Page 423 in Proc. 21st Biennal Nat. Conf. Australian Society of Animal Production, Brisbane, Queens -land, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• RuY.J. FortuneJ.A. 2000. The effect of grazing intensity and cultivars on morphology, phenology and nutritive value of subterranean clover. II. Nutritive value during the growing season. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 51:1047-1055.
   Google Scholar
• RuY.J. FischerM. GlatzP.C. WyattS. SwansonK. FalkenbergS. 2003. Forage intake and nutrient requirements of fallow weaner deer in Southern Australia. Asian Austral. J. Anim. 16:685-692.
   Google Scholar
• RussoC. 2005. Carcass and meat quality in fallow deer (Dama dama). A review. Ann. Fac. Med. Vet. Pisa 58:207-212.
   Google Scholar
• SaccàE. VolpelliL.A. BovolentaS. PiasentierE. PinosaM. 2001. Effect of supplementary feeding on pasture utilization by growing fallow deer. Zootec. Nutr. Anim. 27:33-39.
   Google Scholar
• SaltzD. WhiteG.C. BartmannR.M. DelGiudiceG.D. RiggsM.R. MechL.D. SealU.S. 1995. Assessing animal condition, nutrition, and stress from urine in snow: a critical view and response. Wildlife Soc. B. 23:694-704.
   Google Scholar
• ShahbazkiaH.R. AminlariM. TavasoliA. MohamadniaA.R. CravadorA. 2010. Associations among milk production traits and glycosylated haemoglobin in dairy cattle; importance of lactose synthesis potential. Vet. Res. Commun. 34:1-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SummerA. SussiC. MartuzziF. CatalanoA.L. 1997. Rilievi alla macellazione, prove di sezionamento e composizione chimica della carne di daino (Dama dama) e di cervo (Cervus elaphus). Ann. Fac. Med. Vet. Parma. 17:253-262.
   Google Scholar
• SunS. ChristophersonR.J. 2005. Urea kinetics in wethers exposed to different ambient temperatures at three dietary levels of crude protein. Asian Austral. J. Anim. 18:795-801.
   Google Scholar
• TriversR. L. WillardD.E. 1973. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 179:90-92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VenguštG.A. BidovecA. 2002. Some serum chemistry values of fallow deer (Dama dama l.) in Slovenian hunting enclosures. Vet. Arhiv. 72:205-212.
   Google Scholar
• VermorelM. 1988. Nutrition energetique. pp 57-74 in JarrigeR. ( ed.) Alimentation des Bovins, Ovins, Caprins. Institut National Recherche Agronomique Publ., Paris, France.
   Google Scholar
• VolpelliL.A. ValussoR. MorganteM. PiasentierE. 2003. Meat quality in male fallow deer (Dama dama): effects of age and supplementary feeding. Meat Sci. 65:555-562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VolpelliL.A. ValussoR. PiasentierE. 2002. Carcass quality in male fallow deer (Dama dama): effects of age and supplementary feeding. Meat Sci. 60:427-432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WaidD.D. WarrenR.J. 1984. Seasonal variations in physiological indices of adult female white-tailed deer in Texas. J. Wildlife Dis. 20:212-219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WiklundE. HutchisonC. FleschJ. MulleyR. LittlejohnR.P. 2005. Colour stability and water holding capacity of M. longis-simus and carcass characteristics in fallow deer (Dama dama) grazed on pasture or fed barley. Rangifer 25:97-105.
   Google Scholar