Perspectives of oilseed rape as a bioenergy crop

• Raymer PL. Canola: an emerging oilseed crop. In: Trends in New Crops and New Uses. Janick J, Whipkey A (Eds.) 122–126. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA, USA (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Foreign Agriculture Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Rapeseed and Product: World Supply and Distribution (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Morgan B. Agriculture and Agri-food Canada Bi-weekly Bulletin. Canola: situation and outlook. 19,17 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Kulkarni WL, Dalai AK, Bakhshi NN. Utilization of green seed canola oil for biodiesel production. J. Chem. Tech. Biotech.81,1886–1893 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tostenson K, Wiesenborn D, Haagenson D et al. Oil and biodiesel from canola having a high content of green seed. Presented at: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2007 North Central Intersectional Conference. Fargo, ND, USA, 12–13 October 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson RL, Tanaka DL, Merrill SD. Yield and water use of broadleaf crop in a semiarid climate. Agricultural Water Management58,255–266 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hume L. The long-term effects of fertilizer application and three rotations on weed communities in wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci.62,741–750 (1982).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donald WW, Nalewaja JD. Northern great plains. In: Systems of Weed Control in Wheat in North America. Weed Science Society of America Monograph. Donald WW (Ed.). Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, IL, USA, 6,90–126 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Black AL, Siddoway FH. Dryland cropping sequences within a tall wheatgrass barrier systems. J. Soil Water Conserv.31,101–105 (1976).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piening LJ, Orr D. Effect of crop rotation on common root rot of barley. Can. J. Plant Path.10,61–65 (1988).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell CA, Zentner RP, Janzen HH, Bowren KE. Crop rotation studies on the Canadian prairies. Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Janzen HH, Desjardins RL, Asselin JMR, Grace B. The health of our air: towards sustainable agriculture in Canada. Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1999).
   Google Scholar
• McGill WB, Dormaar JF, Reinl-Dwyer E. New perspectives on soil organic matter quality, quantity, and dynamics on the Canadian Prairies. Presented at: Canadian Society of Soil Science and Canadian Society of Extension Joint Symposium, Land Degradation: Assessment and Insight into a Western Canadian Problem, Agricultural Institute of Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 23 August 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Sparrow SD, Lewis C, Knight C. Soil properties and barley yield under a twenty-years experiment of tillage, straw management and nitrogen application rate in the sub-arctic area of Alaska. Acta Agri.Scandinavica B Soil Plant Sci.57,374–382 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zentner RP, Wall DD, Nagy CN et al. Economics of crop diversification and soil tillage opportunities in the Canadian prairies. Agron. J.94,216–230 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton R. Conservation Farming Systems and Canola. University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Blackshaw RE, Larney FO, Lindwall CW, Kozub GC. Crop rotation and tillage effects on weed population on the semi-arid Canadian prairies. Weed Sci.8,231–237 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• O’Donovan JT, Newman JC. Manipulation of canola (Brassica rapa) plant density and herbicide rate for economical and sustainable weed management. Presented at: The 2nd International Weed Contol Conference. Copenhagen, Denmark, 25–28 June 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson FC, Johnson AM. Annual broadleaf crop frequency and residual weed populations in Saskatchewan Parkland. Weed Sci.47,208–214 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harker KN, Blackshaw RE, Kirkland KJ, Derksen DA, Wall D. Herbicide-tolerant canola: weed control and yield comparison in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci.80,647–654 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton GW, Harker KN, O’Donovan JT, Baig MN, Kidnie MJ. Glyphosate timing and tillage system effects on glyphsate-resistant canola (Brassica napus). Weed Tech.16,124–130 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donovan JT, Newman JC, Harker KN, Clayton GW. Crop seeding rate influences the performance of variable herbicide rates in a canola-barley-canola rotation. Weed Tech.18,733–741 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cathcart BJ, Topinka AK, Kharbanda P, Yang RC, Hall LM. Rotation length, canola variety and herbicide resistance system affect weed populations and yield. Weed Sci.54,726–734 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas AG, Kelner D, Wise RF, Frick BL. Comparing Zero and Conventional Tillage Crop Production Systems 1994. Manitoba Weed Survey (Publication 97–91), Manitoba Agriculture, Soils and Crops Branch, Carman, Manitoba, Canada (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Thomas AG, Frick BL, Hall LM. Alberta weed survey of cereal and oilseed crops in 1997. Weed Survey Series 98–92. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Thomas AG, Frick BL, Van Acker RC, Knezevic SZ, Joosse D. Manitoba weed survey of cereal and oilseed crops in 1997. Weed Survey Series 98–91. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 228 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Lutman PJW. The occurrence and persistent of volunteer oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Aspects Appl. Biol.35,29–36 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Derksen DA, Harker KN, Blackshaw RE. Herbicide-tolerant crops and weed population dynamics in western Canada. Proc. Brighton Crop Prot.417–422 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Pekrun C, Lane PW, Lutman PJW. Modeling the potential for gene escape in oilseed rape via the soil seed bank: its relevance for genetically modified cultivars. Presented at: Gene Flow and Agriculture: Relevance for Transgenic Crops. Keele, UK, 12–14 April 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Price JS, Hobson RN, Neale MA, Bruce DM. Seed losses in commercial harvesting of oilseed rape. J. Agri. Eng. Res.65,183–191 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulden RH, Shirtliffe SJ, Thomas AG. Secondary seed dormancy prolongs persistence of volunteer canola in western Canada. Weed Sci.51,904–913(2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harker KN, Clayton GW, Blackshaw RE et al. Persistence of glyphosate-resistant canola in western Canadian cropping systems. Agron. J.98,107–119 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brain P, Wilson BJ, Wright KJ, Seavers GP, Caseley JC. Modeling the effect of crop and weed on herbicide efficacy in wheat. Weed Res.39,21–35 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunfer BM, Buntin GD, Phililips DV. Effect of crop rotation on take-all of wheat in double-cropping systems. Plant Dis.90,1161–1166 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkegaard JA, Hocking PJ, Angus JF, Howe GN, Gardner PA. Comparison of canola, Indian mustard and Linola in two contrasting environments. II break-crop and nitrogen use effects on subsequent wheat crops. Field Crop Res.52,179–191 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzola M, Granatstein DM, Elfving DC, Mllinix K. Suppression of specific apple root pathogens by Brassica napus seed meal amendment regardless of glucosinolate content. Phytopathology91,673–679 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen MF, Yamasaki H, Mazzola M. Brassica napus seed meal soil amendment modifies microbial community structure, nitric oxide production and incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot. Soil Bio. Biochem.37,1215–1227 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkin RP, Griffin TS. Control of soil born potato disease using Brassica green manure. Crop Protection1067–1077 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinert TL, Pan WL, Moneymaker MR, Santo GS, Stevens RG. Nitrogen recycle by nonleguminous winter cover crops to reduce leaching in potato rotations. Agron. J.94,365–372 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargrove WL, Johnson JW, Box JE Jr, Raymer PL. Role of winter cover crops in reduction of nitrate leaching. Proc. Southern Conservation Tillage1992,114–119 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Hoffland E. Quantitative evaluation of the role of organic acid exudation in the mobilization of rock phosphate by rape. Plant Soil140,279–289 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose TJ, Hardiputra B, Rengel Z. Wheat, canola and grain legume access to soil phosphorus fractions differs in soils with contrasting phosphorus dynamics. Plant Soil326(1–2),159–170 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan RF, Bolland MDA. Comparing the potassium requirement of canola and wheat. Australia J. Agric. Res.58,359–366 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Turner NC, Poole ML. Water use of wheat, barley, canola, and lucerne in the high rainfall zone of south-western Australia. Australia J. Agric. Res.56,747–752 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen DC. Water use and yield of canola under dry land conditions in the central Great Plains. J. Prod. Agric.11,476–480 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Chen C, Jackson G, Neill K, Wichman D, Johnson G, Johnson D. Determining the feasibility of early seeding canola in the northern great plains. Agron. J.97,1252–1262 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhyay BM, Smith EG, Clayton GW, Harker KN, O’Donovan JT, Blackshaw RE. Economic value of polymer seed coat for fall-seeded canola. Agron. J.99,489–493 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraji A, Latifi N, Soltani A, Rad AHS. Seed yield and water use efficiency of canola (Brassica napus L.) as affected by high temperature stress and supplemental irrigation. Agric. Water Manage.96,132–140 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulton M, Keyowski L. The producer benefit of herbicide-resistant canola. AgBioForum2,85–93 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Monjardino M, Pannell DJ, Powles SB. The economic value of glyphosate-resistant canola in the management of two widespread crop weeds in a western Australian farming system. Agric. Systems84,297–315 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks G, Barfoot P. Global impact of biotech crops: socio-economic and environmental effects in the first ten years of commercial use. AgBioForum9,139–151 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Pekrun C, Hewitt JDJ, Lutman PJW. Cultural control of volunteer oil seed rape (Brassica napus). J. Agric. Sci.130,155–163 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Hertefeldt T, Jorgensen RB, Pettersson LB. Long-term persistence of GM oilseeds rape in the seedbank. Biol. Lett. Pop. Ecol.4,314–317 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Smyth S, Khachatourians G, Philips PWB. Liability and economic of transgenic crops. Nature Biotech.20,537–541 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauro IJ, McLachlan SM. Farmer knowledge and risk analysis: post release evaluation of herbicide-tolerant canola in western Canada. Risk Analysis28,463–476 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuthbert JL, McVetty PBE. Plot-to-plot, row-to-row and plant-to-plant outcrossing studies in oilseed rape. Can. J. Plant Sci.81,657–664 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakow G, Woods DL. Outcrossing in rape and mustard under Saskatchewan prairie conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci.67,147–151 (1987).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckie HJ, Warwick SI, Nair H, Seguin-Swartz G. Gene flow in commercial fields of herbicide-resistant canola (Brassica napus). Ecol. Appl.13,1276–1294 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieger MA, Lamond M, Preston C, Powles SB, Roush RT. Pollen-mediated movement of herbicide resistance between commercial canola fields. Science296,2386–2388 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Légère A. Risks and consequences of gene flow from herbicide-resistant crops: canola (Brassica napus L) as a case study. Pest Manage. Sci.61,292–300 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez A, Kogan M. Glyphosate-resistant lolium multiflorum in Chilean orchards. Weed Sci.43,12–19 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Powles SB. Evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds around the world: lessons to be learned. Pest Manage.Sci.64,360–385 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckie HJ, Hall LM. Simple to complex: modeling crop pollen-mediated gene flow. Plant Sci.175,615–628 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zablotowicz RM, Reddy KN. Impact of glyphosate on the Bradyrhizobiumjaponicum symbiosis with glyphosate-resistant transgenic soybean: a mini-review. J. Environ. Qual.33,825–831 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle DA, Parkinson D. The influence of the herbicide glyphosate on interspecific interactions between four soil fungal species. Mycol. Res.96,180–186 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Liphadzi KB, Al-Khatib K, Bensch CN et al. Soil microbial and nematode communities as affected by glyphosate and tillage practices in a glyphosate-resistant cropping system. Weed Sci.53,536–545 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amann R, Ludwig W, Schleifer KH. Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual cells without cultivation. Microbial Rev.59,143–169 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruinsma M, Kwalchuk GA, van Veen JA. Effect of genetically modified plants on microbial communities and process in soil. Bio. Fertil. Soils37,329–337 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell JR, Gulden RH, Hart MM et al. Mycorrhizal and rhizobial colonization of genetically modified and conventional soybeans. Appl. Environ. Microbio.73,4365–4367 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell JR, Levy-Booth DJ, Gulden RH et al. Effect of genetically modified, herbicide tolerant crops and their management on soil food web properties and crop litter decomposition. J. Appl. Ecol.46,388–396 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozbas K. Biodiesel as an alternative motor fuel: production and policies in the European Union. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.12,542–552 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development. The impact of a minimum 10% obligation for biofuel use in the EU-27 in 2020 on agricultural markets. Brussels, Belgium. April AGRI G-2/WM D (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Bantz SG, Deaton ML. Understanding US biodiesel industry growth using system dynamics modeling. Presented at: IEEE System and Information Engineering Design Symposium. VA, USA, 28 April 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Kolchinskij JL. Problems of development of bio-energetics in the Russian Federation. Agron. Res.6,221–227 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Gerbens-Leenes PW, Hoekstra AY, van der Meer TH. The water footprint of energy from biomass: a quantitative assessment and consequences of an increasing share of bioenergy in energy supply. Ecol. Econ.68,1052–1060 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbens-Leens PW, Hoekstra AY, van der Meer TH. The water footprint of bioenergy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA106,10219–10223 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berndes G. Bioenergy and water – the implications of large-scale bioenergy production for water use and supply. Global Environ. Change12,253–271 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization. Current world fertilizer trends and outlook to 2011/12. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome, Italy (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Co-existence between GM and non-GM based agricultural supply chain. Proceedings of the Second International Conference. Messean A (Ed.). Montpellier, France, 14–15 November 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Apted S, Mazur K. Potential impacts from the introduction of GM canola on organic farming in Australia. The Australia Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics Report 07.11, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Souligny M, Gramham L, Rideout G. Heavy duty diesel performance and comparative emission measurements for different biodiesel blends in the Montreal BIOBUS project. SAE International (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Nikiema J, Heitz M. Le biodiesel. I. caractéristiques, atouts et limites-une synthèse. Can J. Civ. Eng.35,95–106 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeets EMW, Bouwman LF, Stehfest E, van Vuuren DP, Posthuma A. Contribution of N2O to the greenhouse gas balance of first-generation biofuels. Global Change Biology15,1–23 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crutzen RJ, Mosier AR, Smith KA, Winiwarter W. N2O emission from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels. Atoms. Chem. Phys.8,389–395 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strange A, Park J, Bennett R, Phipps R. The use of life-cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental impacts of growing genetically modified nitrogen use-efficiency canola. Plant Biotech. J.6,337–345 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren JS. Crop biotechnology provides an opportunity to develop a sustainable future. Trends in Biotech.23,339–342 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummel JD, Dosdall LM, Clayton GW, Harker KN, O’Donovan JT. Effects of canola-wheat intercrop on Delia spp. (Diptera anthomyiidae) oviposition, larval feeding damage and adult abundance. J. Econ. Ent.102,219–228 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimentel D, Marklein A, Toth MA et al. Biofuel impacts on world food supply: use of fossil fuel, land and water resources. Energies1,41–78 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerda H, Sayyed AH, Wright DJ. Diamondback moth resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic canola: evaluation of refugia size with non-recessive resistant insects. J. Appl. Ent.130,421–425 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rommens CM, Kishore GM. Exploring the full potential of disease-resistance genes for agricultural use. Curr.Opin. Biotech.11,120–125 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janulis P. Reduction of energy consumption in biodiesel fuel life cycle. Renew. Energy29,861–871 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razaei K, Temelli F. On-line extraction-reaction of canola oil using immobilized lipase in supercritical CO2. J. Supercritical Fluids19,263–274 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirbas A. Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods. Progress Energy Combustion Sci.31,466–487 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenwick GR. The assessment of a new protein source- Rapeseed. Proc. Nutr. Soc.41,277–288 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell JM. Nutrients and toxicants in rapeseed meal: a review. J. Anim. Sci.58,996–1010 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salem HB, Nefzaoui A. Feed blocks as alternative supplements for sheep and goats. Small Ruminant Research49,275–288 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter CG, Hauler RC. Fish meal replacement by plant meals in extruded feeds for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquaculture185,299–311 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sajjadi M, Carter CG. Dietary phytase supplementation and the utilization of phosphorus by Atlanic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed a canola-meal-based diet. Aquaculture240,417–431 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SSY, Fu CHL, Higgs DA, Balfry SK, Schulte PM, Brauner CJ. Effects of dietaray canola oil level on growth performance, fatty acid composition and ionoregulatory development of spring Chinook salmon parr, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Aquaculture274,109–117 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özcimen D, Karaosmanoglu F. Production and characterization of bio-oil and biochar from rapeseed cake. Renewable Energy29,779–787 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phipps RH, Deaville ER, Maddison BC. Detection of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA in rumen fluid, duodenal digesta, milk, blood, and feces of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.86,4070–4078 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma R, Damgaard D, Alexander TW et al. Detection of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA in digesta and tissues of sheep and pigs fed Roundup Ready canola meal. J. Agric. Food Chem.54,1699–1709 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander TW, Reuter T, Aulrich K et al. A review of the detection and fate of novel plant molecules derived from biotechnology in livestock production. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech.133,31–62 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotech. Advances25,294–306 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

▪ Websites

• Global Renewable Fuels Alliance. GHG emission reductions from world biofuel production and use. S & T Consultant Inc. 11657 Summit Crescent, Delta BC. Canada (2009) www.globalrfa.org
   Google Scholar
• Biodiesel 2020: A Global Market Survey. Emerging Market Online www.emerging-markets.com (Accessed 2 October 2009)
   Google Scholar
• US Canola Association. US Canola Acreage 1992–2009 www.uscanola.com (Accessed 13 October 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Canada’s Canola Industry 2008. Canola Council of Canada http://canolacouncil.org (Accessed 21 January 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Canola Council of Canada. Canadian canola industry http://canolacouncil.org/canola_boost.aspx (Accessed 11 October 2009)
   Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. World Population: 1950–2050. International Database. www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/
   Google Scholar
• FAO Factsheet, Climate change, energy and food (FAO 2008, delegates folder High Level Conference) www.fao.org/climatechange/49537/en/ (Accessed 1 February 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Smeets EMW, Faaji APC. Future demand for fertilizer from bioenergy crop production. Biofuel Reviewwww.biofuelreview.com/content/view/103/ (Accessed 15 October 2009)
   Google Scholar