The place of halophytes in Pakistan’s biofuel industry

• McDonald RI, Green P, Balk D et al. Urban growth, climate change, and fresh water availability. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.108,6312–6317 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munns R, Tester M. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.59,651–681 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Ansari R, Gul B, Qadir M. Crop diversification through halophyte production on salt prone land resources. CAB Rev.Perspect. Agric. Vet. Sci. Nutri. Nat. Resour.1(48),1–8 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Shafiee S, Topal S. When will fossil fuel reserves be diminished? Energy Policy37,181–189 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbasi T, Abbasi M. Biomass energy and the environmental impacts associated with its production and utilization. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev.14,919–937 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doney SC, Fabry VJ, Feely RA, Kleypas JA. Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci.1,169–192 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzel U, Lieth H. Halophyte database V. 2.0 update. In: Cash Crop Halophytes. Lieth H, Mochtchenko M (Eds). (CD-ROM) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Arzani A. Improving salinity tolerance in crop plants: a biotechnological view. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant44,373–383 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Qaiser M. Halophytes of Pakistan: characteristics, distribution and potential economic usages. In: Sabkha Ecosystem Volume II: West and Central Asia. Khan MA, Boer B, Kust GC, Barth HJ (Eds). Springer, Berlin, Germany, 129–153 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Abideen Z, Ansari R, Khan MA. Halophyte: potential source of lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol production. Biomass Bioenergy35,1818–1822 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Ansari R, Ali H, Gul B, Nielsen BL. Panicum turgidum, a potentially sustainable cattle feed alternative to maize for saline areas. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.129,542–546 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber DJ, Ansari R, Gul B, Khan MA. Potential of halophytes as source of edible oil. J. Arid Environ.68,315–321 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qasim M, Gulzar S, Shinwari ZK, Aziz I, Khan MA. Traditional ethnobotanical uses of halophytes from Hub Baluchistan. Pak. J. Bot.42,1543–1551 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• DePew MW, Tilman PH. Commercial application of halophytic turfs for golf and landscape developments using hyper-saline irrigation. In: Ecophysiology of High Salinity Tolerant Plants. Khan MA, Weber DJ (Eds). Springer, Berlin, Germany, 255–278 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Grain Harvest Sets Record, but Supplies Still Tight. Vital Signs 2007–2008. Worldwatch Institute, Washington DC, USA (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Koyro HW. Study of potential cash crop halophytes in a quick check system. In: Task for Vegetation Science, Cash Crop Halophytes: Recent Studies – 38. Lieth H, Mochtchenko M (Eds). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 5–17 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Zevenhoven-Onderwater M, Backman R, Skrifvars BJ, Hupa M. The ash chemistry in fluidised bed gasification of biomass fuels. Part I: predicting the chemistry of melting ashes and ash–bed material interaction. Fuel80,1489–1502 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Yang H, Yan R, Chen H, Zheng C, Lee DH, Liang DT. Influence of mineral matter on pyrolysis of palm oil wastes. Combustion Flame146,605–611 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Ungar IA, Showalter AM. Salt stimulation and tolerance in an intertidal stem-succulent halophyte. J. Plant Nutri.28,1365–1374 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyro HW, Khan MA, Lieth H. Halophytic crops: a resource for the future to reduce the water crisis? Emir. J. Food Agric.23,1–16 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Smith RL. Ecology and Field Biology (5th Edition). Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. USA, 175 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Demirbas MF, Balat M, Balat H. Biowastes-to-biofuels. Energy Convers. Manage.52,1815–1828 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malc-aa J, Freire F. Renewability and life-cycle energy efficiency of bioethanol and bio-ethyl tertiary butyl ether (bioETBE): assessing the implications of allocation. Energy31,3362–3380 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Mathew GM, Sukumaran RK, Singhania RP, Pandey A. Progress in research on fungal cellulases for lignocellulose degradation. J. Sci. Ind. Res.67,898–907 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Campo I, Alegria I, Zazpe M, Echeverria M, Echverria I. Diluted acid hydrolysis pretreatment of agri-food wastes for bioethanol production. Indust. Crops Prod.24,214–221 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foyle T, Jennings L, Mulcahy P. Compositional analysis of lignocellulosic materials: evaluation of methods used for sugar analysis of waste paper and straw. Bioresour. Technol.98,3026–3036 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerre AB, Olesen AB, Fernqvist T, Ploger A, Schmidt AS. Pretreatment of wheat straw using combined wet oxidation and alkaline hydrolysis resulting in convertible cellulose and hemicelluloses. Biotechnol. Bioeng.49,568–577 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento RP, Coelho RRR, Marques S et al. Production and partial characterisation of xylanase from Streptomyces sp. strain AMT-3 isolated from Brazilian cerrado soil. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol.31,549–555 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zehra A, Khan MA. Comparative effect of NaCl and sea salt on germination of halophytic grass Phragmites karka at different temperature regimes. Pak. J. Bot.39,1681–1694 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen A, Teller PJ, Hilstrom T, Ahring BK. Hydrolysis of miscanthus for bioethanol production using dilute acid presoaking combined with wet explosion pre-treatment and enzymatic treatment. Bioresour. Technol.99,6602–6607 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Cheng J. Hydrolyis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production. Bioresour. Technol.83,1–11 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui ZS, Khan MA. The role of enzyme amylase in two germinating seed morphs of Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) stapf in saline and non-saline environment. Acta Physiol. Plant.33,1185–1197 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Gulzar S, Khan MA, Xiaojing L. Seed germination strategies of Desmostachya bipinnata: a fodder crop for saline soils. Rangeland Ecol. Manage.60,401–407 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakhireh A, Shahriaria R, Mansouri SH, Nouri S, Pahlavanravi A. An autecology study of Desmostachya bipinnata in sistan plain. Rangeland Spring4,60–71 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Ali M, Ahmed T, Rashid A. Phyto-sociological synthesis as inferred from soil analysis of some industrial areas of Punjab. Asian J. Plant Sci.3,320–324 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Al-Khateeb SA. Effect of salinity and temperature on germination, growth and ion relations of Panicum turgidum Forssk. Bioresour. Technol.97,292–298 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Singh LK, Ghosh S. Bioconversion of lignocellulosic fraction of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) hemicellulose acid hydrolysate to ethanol by Pichia stipitis. Bioresour. Technol.100,3293–3297 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikh F, Gul B, Li WQ, Liu XJ, Khan MA. Effect of calcium and light on the germination of Urochondra setulosa under different salts. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B8,20–26 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Zehra A, Gul B, Ansari R, Khan MA. Role of calcium in alleviating effect of salinity on germination of Phragmites karka seeds. S. Afr. J. Bot.78,122–128 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Ishnava K, Ramarao V, Mohan JSS, Kothari IL. Ecologically important and life supporting plants of little Rann of Kachchh. Gujarat J. Ecol. Nat. Environ.3,33–38 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Gulzar S. Light, salinity and temperature effects on the seed germination of perennial grasses. Am. J. Bot.90,131–134 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed MZ, Gilani SA, Kikuchi A, Gulzar S, Khan MA, Watanabe KN. Population diversity of Aeluropus lagopoides: a potential cash crop for saline land. Pak. J. Bot.43,595–605 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Torbatinejad N, Maghsoodlowrad H, Gharabash AM. Nutritive value of Aeluropus littoralis and Aeluropus lagopoides in sheep. J. Agr. Sci. Nat. Res.7,31–45 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Peterson CL. Vegetable oil as a diesel fuel: status and research priorities. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Engineers1413–1422 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Murugesan A, Umarani C, Subramanian R, Nedunchezhian N. Bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines – a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.13,653–662 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Sharma S. Potential non-edible oil resources as biodiesel feedstock: an Indian perspective. Renew. Sustain. Ener. Rev.15,1791–1800 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhardt G, Rettenmaier N, Koppen S. How sustainable are biofuels for transportation? In: Bioenergy: Challenges and Opportunities. International Conference and Exhibition on Bioenergy. Guimarães, Portugal, 6–9 April 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Glenn EP, O’Leary JW, Watson MC, Thompson TL, Kuehl RO. Salicornia bigelovii Torr: an oilseed halophyte for seawater irrigation. Science251,1065–1067 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn EP, Brown JJ, O’Leary JW. Irrigating crops with seawater. Sci. Am.279,76–81 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerai DB, Glenn EP, Chatervedi R et al. Potential for the improvement of Salicornia bigelovii through selective breeding. Ecol. Eng.36,730–739 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueda-Puente EO, Garcia-Hernandez JL, Preciado-Rangel P et al. Germination of Salicornia bigelovii ecotypes under stressing conditions of temperature and salinity and ameliorative effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria. J. Agron. Crop Sci.193,167–176 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn EP, Brown JJ. Salt tolerance and crop potential of halophytes. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci.18,227–255 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA. Studies on germination of Cressa cretica L. seeds. Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res.4,89–98 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Ungar IA. Influence of salinity and temperature on the germination of Haloxylon recurvum. Ann. Bot.78,547–551 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Ungar IA. Germination of the salt tolerant shrub Suaeda fruticosa from Pakistan: salinity and temperature responses. Seed Sci.Technol.26,657–667 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hameed A, Zaheer MA, Gulzar S, Khan MA. Effect of disinfectant in improving seed germination of Suaeda fruticosa under saline conditions. Pak. J. Bot.41,2639–2644 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freitag H, Hedge IC, Jaffri SMH, Kothe HG, Omer S, Uotila P. Flora of Pakistan. No. 204. Chenopodiaceae. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Aziz S, Khan MA. Seed bank dynamics of a semi-arid coastal shrub community in Pakistan. J. Arid Environ.34,81–87 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Sunita P, Jha S, Pattanayak SP. In-vivo antitussive activity of Cressa cretica Linn using cough model in rodents. Phcog. Res.1,157–161 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Redondo-Gomez S, Wharmby C, Moreno FJ et al. Presence of an internal photosynthetic cylinder surrounding the stele in stems of the tribe Salicornieae (Chenopodiaceae) from SW Iberian Peninsula. Photosynthetica43,157–159 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente MJ, Conesa E, Alvarez-Rogel J et al. Relationships between salt type and seed germination in three plant species growing in salt marsh soils of semi-arid Mediterranean environments. Arid Land Res. Manage.23,103–114 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis (18th Edition). Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Gaithersburg, MA. USA, 47 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Jung HJ, Vogel KP. Lignification of switch grass (Panicum virgatum) and big blue stem (Andropogon gerardii) plant part during maturation and its effect on fiber digestibility. J. Sci. Food Agric.59,166–176 (1992).
   Google Scholar

▪ Websites

• FAO. FAO land and plant nutrition management service. www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/spush
   Google Scholar
• MNRE. Ministry of new and renewable energy booklets on renewable energy www.Mnes.nic.in
   Google Scholar
• Edwards L. Estimate of flowering plant species to be cut by 600,000. www.physorg.com/news204438872.html
   Google Scholar
• Knothe G. Historical perspectives on vegetable oil-based diesel fuels. www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20011101_gen-346.pdf
   Google Scholar
• FAO, Commodities and Trade Division. Biofuels and commodity markets – palm oil focus. www.oilpalmworld.com/biofuels.pdf
   Google Scholar